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w.gawronski@medicinasportiva.pl
e-ISSN 1734-2260 from 2005
ISSN 1429-0022 from 1997 till 2004
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EMBASE/Excerpta Medica; Index Copernicus
Medicina Sportiva 2007 vol. 11, Issue 4
Copyright ® 2007 Medicina Sportiva
Shaping of physical endurance and front crawl swimming technique indices in swimmers after half-year training period
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Read article »
Effect of three months of serial mechanical proprioceptive stimulation on parameters of balance in older women
Erika Zemková, Dušan Hamar, Ľubica Bőhmerová
Read article »
The causes of injuries in freestyle snowboarding
Monika Zygmuntowicz, Edward Czerwiński
Read article »
Traumatic posterior dislocation of sternoclavicular joint in a young rugby player presenting with minimal symptoms: a case report
Vinay K Singh, Pankaj K Singh, Alka Mishra, Juhi Tomar
Read article »
Prevention of hearing impairment in sport shooters
Felicja Lwow, Paweł Jóźków, Wojciech Gawron, Marek Mędraś
Read article »
Evaluation of ecological awareness among physically active people in the context of their lifestyle
Ewa Rembiałkowska, Renata Kazimierczak, Dominika Średnicka, Angelika Jeżewska)
Read article »
Daily intake of macronutrients and selected minerals in physically active female students` in comparison with males of matched age and physical activity
Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Krzysztof Mazurek, Anna Czajkowska
Read article »
SHAPING OF PHYSICAL ENDURANCE AND FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING TECHNIQUE INDICES IN SWIMMERS AFTER HALF-YEAR TRAINING PERIOD
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Abstract
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka. Shaping of physical endurance and front crawl swimming technique indices in swimmers after half-year training period. Med Sport 2007; 11(4): 88-96.
Introduction: For young swimmers, front crawl swimming technique shaping, parallel to physical endurance changes are dynamic processes. Improving swimmer’s physical endurance should be related to main swimming speed perfecting, stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), and index of coordination (IdC).
Aim of the study: Examine the influence of somatic and functional factors and front crawl swimming technique indices on the results of 400-meter-long race in case of young swimmers, and determine how these factors changed after half-a-year training period.
Methods: In the two research series the same test set was conducted on 19 swimmers divided according to their age G1 (n=11, 16.0±0.89 years) and G2 (n=8, 14.4±0.52 years). All-out 400 m swimming parameters were recorded: SR, SL and IdC. On land: 60 s anaerobic endurance tests, and incremental until exhaustion, with arms (TWAR and VO2maxAR) and legs (TWLG and VO2maxLG) separately.
Results: The partial correlations between front crawl arm movements coordination (IdC) and V400 as well as between arm movement frequency (SR) and V400 were the strongest (r=0.63). Statistically significant relationships were also found between body total length (BTL) or arm span (AS) and V400. The second test series showed statistically significant increase in swimming speed in G1+G2 group, approximately from 1.43±0.06 to 1.44±0.05 m.s-1. Statistically significant correlations were noted also between V400 and SR (r=0.64), upper extremities propulsion phases (PL+PS) (r=0.62) and IdC (r=0.49).
Conclusions: After six month training the obtained research results indicate that 400 meters front crawl swimming speed was mainly dependent on swimming technique parameters – stroke rate, arm coordination index and number of propulsion phases.
Key words: young swimmers, swimming speed, somatic factors, oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold
Read article »
EFFECT OF THREE MONTHS OF SERIAL MECHANICAL PROPRIOCEPTIVE STIMULATION ON PARAMETERS OF BALANCE IN OLDER WOMEN
Erika Zemková, Dušan Hamar, Ľubica Bőhmerová
Introduction: Although several studies were carried out on effects of vibration exposure on strength, there are scarce of those concerning its influence on balance.
Aim of the study: The study examines changes of postural sway in older women after 3-month of proprioceptive stimulation training applied to lower extremities.
Methods: Altogether thirty-two older women, randomly divided into experimental and control group, participated in the study. They underwent two different forms of exercise during vibrations, either stood with slightly flexed knees or performed semi-squats. The intensity of exercise in the first case increased by lengthening the time of vibrations, whereas in the second by additional load. Vibrations were applied by means of special strength exercise device producing short-term counter movements at the frequency of 10 Hz and amplitude 3 mm. Stabilographic parameter (mean velocity of the center of pressure) was registered at 100 Hz by means of the stabilography system FiTRO Sway check based on dynamometric platform.
Results: Results showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in velocity of the center of pressure from 11.2 ± 2.5 to 8.9 ± 2.0 mm/s. In addition, such an improvement of postural stability was more efficient after training in which semi-squats were performed as compared to those when subjects stood in semi-squat position on the vibrating platform (28.8 and 27.0 %, respectively). On the other hand, no significant changes in control group were observed (12.6 ± 2.4 and 11.9 ± 1.8 mm/s, respectively).
Conclusion: It may be concluded that long-term proprioceptive stimulation training applied to lower extremities improve postural stability in older people. Such a positive change may be ascribed to the enhancement of neuroregulatory functions, namely increased rate of motoneuron firing and better synchronisation of motor units activation.
Key words: elderly, postural sway, propropceptive stimulation, training
Read article »
THE CAUSES OF INJURIES IN FREESTYLE SNOWBOARDING
Monika Zygmuntowicz, Edward Czerwiński
Introduction: Freestyle is the most popular and common style of snowboarding. This style includes jumps, tricks, rail slides and halfpipe.
Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was to estimate the causes of injuries in freestyle snowboarding.
Material and Methods: The research was carried out on 211 persons (42 women and 169 men) in age from 16 to 21 years; average age for both sexes was 19.3 years. The questionnaire was used as a research method.
Results: The most common reasons for injuries were technical mistakes (n=89; 81%), tiredness (n=15; 14%), icy slope (n= 14; 13%), other peoples’ mistakes (n=4; 4%) and faulty equipment (n=1; 1%). Falls were the injury mechanism in 77%, collisions account for less than 12% of snowboarding injuries. Most collisions involving snowboarders occur with a stationary object.
Conclusions: Individual snowboarding errors were the most common cause of injury in other study. Falls were the most common mechanism of injury in snowboarding.
Key words: freestyle snowboarding, causes of injuries, injury, mechanism
Read article »
TRAUMATIC POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF
STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT IN A YOUNG RUGBY
PLAYER PRESENTING WITH MINIMAL SYMPTOMS: A CASE REPORT
Vinay K Singh, Pankaj K Singh, Alka Mishra, Juhi Tomar
Injury to sternoclavicular joint is uncommon but may be life threatening if the diagnosis is not made acutely. Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation is associated with a number of complications including tracheal tear and trauma to the great vessels. Diagnosis by conventional radiography is difficult. Even experienced examiners may miss the diagnosis unless a high index of suspicion is kept and the appropriate imaging studies are ordered. We report a case of traumatic dislocation of sternoclavicular joint in an 11-year-old boy post rugby injury, successfully treated by closed reduction.
Key words: sternoclavicular joint; dislocation; child; rugby; sports injury
Read article »
PREVENTION OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN SPORT SHOOTERS
Felicja Lwow, Paweł Jóźków, Wojciech Gawron, Marek Mędraś
Background: Noise associated with training and competition poses a serious risk on sport shooters. Hearing trauma is one of the most important health hazards in this group of sportspersons.
Aim of the study: We assessed measures undertaken by individuals to prevent hearing trauma and searched for associations between parameters of noise exposure and health disturbances.
Material and methods: We surveyed 197 sport shooters (104 women and 93 men) aged 12-56, who represented 18 sport clubs from within one European country (Poland). Their level of performance varied from III sport class to champion class (Olympic champions). The length of exposure to shooting-noise was from under 1 year to more than 12 years.
Results: We have found that between 32-53% of women shooters and 39-48% of men shooters did not use any kind of hearing protection during training/competition. It was striking that though hearing disturbances were present in more than 20% of shooters only 36% of women and 53% of men underwent an audiometric examination during their careers.
Conclusions: Sport shooters are not sufficiently protected against hearing trauma and they do not undergo proper audiological screening. Preventive measures such as careful otolaryngological observation and wearing hearing protectors need further dissemination and application in this group of sportspersons.
Key words: firearms, sports, noise-induced hearing loss, prevention, protective devices
Read article »
EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS AMONG PHYSICALLY ACTIVE PEOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR LIFESTYLE
Ewa Rembiałkowska, Renata Kazimierczak, Dominika Średnicka, Angelika Jeżewska)
Aim of the study: The main aim of the research was to evaluate and to compare the ecological awareness of people representing three groups: amateurs, competitors and trainers in the context of their physical activity and lifestyle.
Methods: Questionnaire survey concerning the ecological awareness covered 150 respondents living in Warsaw and representing different levels of physical activity: 1/3 of respondents represented amateurs, 1/3 – competitors and 1/3 – trainers. Sport status was a basal criterion for respondents’ selection, while age and gender were not considered.
Results: The results show lack of education in the area of environmental problems, environmental protection and interactions between human and nature in all analyzed groups. Amateurs present relatively highest level of ecological awareness, however the level is still very low in all the groups. Moreover, there is a difference between theoretical knowledge and declarations of respondents and their real behaviors towards environment.
Conclusion: Promotion of healthy lifestyle based on physical activity should be connected with dissemination of environmental knowledge in order to sensitize people to relations between the nature, health and the quality of life.
Key words: ecological awareness, environment, lifestyle, amateurs, competitors, trainers
Read article »
DAILY INTAKE OF MACRONUTRIENTS AND SELECTED MINERALS IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE FEMALE STUDENTS` IN COMPARISON WITH MALES OF MATCHED AGE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Krzysztof Mazurek, Anna Czajkowska
Introduction: Many female sportsmen have sub optimal energy and nutrient intakes and are at risk on compromised nutritional status. Physical education female students are highly active due to study program, which includes different sports (gymnastics, swimming, track and field). In addition, at least some of them are engaged in specific sports at the club level. However, their dietary habits were not studied.
Aim of the study: This study was undertaken to analyze daily intakes of energy, macronutrients and selected micronutrients (iron, copper and zinc) in male and female physical education students of matched physical activity.
Methods: In all subjects daily intake of energy, macronutrients, iron, copper and zinc was briefly assessed from 24 h food records taken over 4 days (2 week days and weekend) and analyzed using a computer program FOOD 2.
Results: In 84.5% of females and in 67.5% of males inadequate energy intake was noted. In females 52.3% of all participants were at risk of iron deficiency, 94.4 % were at risk of copper deficiency and 25.7% were characterized by inadequate zinc daily intake. The respective values in males were 0.8%, 69.9 % and 12.2% of all subjects.
Conclusions: High percent of females in our study were characterized by inadequate total energy intake vs. recommended for highly active women. The percent of males consuming inadequate amount of energy was lower than females. In consequence the risk of iron, copper and zinc deficiency in active females was higher than in males. However, high risk of copper deficit in the diet was noted in both sexes.
Key words: males, females, physical activity, diet, minerals
Read article »
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EMBASE/Excerpta Medica; Index Copernicus
Shaping of physical endurance and front crawl swimming technique indices in swimmers after half-year training period
Medicina Sportiva 2007 vol. 11, Issue 4
Copyright ® 2007 Medicina Sportiva
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Read article »
Effect of three months of serial mechanical proprioceptive stimulation on parameters of balance in older women
Erika Zemková, Dušan Hamar, Ľubica Bőhmerová
Read article »
The causes of injuries in freestyle snowboarding
Monika Zygmuntowicz, Edward Czerwiński
Read article »
Traumatic posterior dislocation of sternoclavicular joint in a young rugby player presenting with minimal symptoms: a case report
Vinay K Singh, Pankaj K Singh, Alka Mishra, Juhi Tomar
Read article »
Prevention of hearing impairment in sport shooters
Felicja Lwow, Paweł Jóźków, Wojciech Gawron, Marek Mędraś
Read article »
Evaluation of ecological awareness among physically active people in the context of their lifestyle
Ewa Rembiałkowska, Renata Kazimierczak, Dominika Średnicka, Angelika Jeżewska)
Read article »
Daily intake of macronutrients and selected minerals in physically active female students` in comparison with males of matched age and physical activity
Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Krzysztof Mazurek, Anna Czajkowska
Read article »
SHAPING OF PHYSICAL ENDURANCE AND FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING TECHNIQUE INDICES IN SWIMMERS AFTER HALF-YEAR TRAINING PERIOD
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Abstract
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka. Shaping of physical endurance and front crawl swimming technique indices in swimmers after half-year training period. Med Sport 2007; 11(4): 88-96.
Introduction: For young swimmers, front crawl swimming technique shaping, parallel to physical endurance changes are dynamic processes. Improving swimmer’s physical endurance should be related to main swimming speed perfecting, stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), and index of coordination (IdC).
Aim of the study: Examine the influence of somatic and functional factors and front crawl swimming technique indices on the results of 400-meter-long race in case of young swimmers, and determine how these factors changed after half-a-year training period.
Methods: In the two research series the same test set was conducted on 19 swimmers divided according to their age G1 (n=11, 16.0±0.89 years) and G2 (n=8, 14.4±0.52 years). All-out 400 m swimming parameters were recorded: SR, SL and IdC. On land: 60 s anaerobic endurance tests, and incremental until exhaustion, with arms (TWAR and VO2maxAR) and legs (TWLG and VO2maxLG) separately.
Results: The partial correlations between front crawl arm movements coordination (IdC) and V400 as well as between arm movement frequency (SR) and V400 were the strongest (r=0.63). Statistically significant relationships were also found between body total length (BTL) or arm span (AS) and V400. The second test series showed statistically significant increase in swimming speed in G1+G2 group, approximately from 1.43±0.06 to 1.44±0.05 m.s-1. Statistically significant correlations were noted also between V400 and SR (r=0.64), upper extremities propulsion phases (PL+PS) (r=0.62) and IdC (r=0.49).
Conclusions: After six month training the obtained research results indicate that 400 meters front crawl swimming speed was mainly dependent on swimming technique parameters – stroke rate, arm coordination index and number of propulsion phases.
Key words: young swimmers, swimming speed, somatic factors, oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold
Read article »
EFFECT OF THREE MONTHS OF SERIAL MECHANICAL PROPRIOCEPTIVE STIMULATION ON PARAMETERS OF BALANCE IN OLDER WOMEN
Erika Zemková, Dušan Hamar, Ľubica Bőhmerová
Introduction: Although several studies were carried out on effects of vibration exposure on strength, there are scarce of those concerning its influence on balance.
Aim of the study: The study examines changes of postural sway in older women after 3-month of proprioceptive stimulation training applied to lower extremities.
Methods: Altogether thirty-two older women, randomly divided into experimental and control group, participated in the study. They underwent two different forms of exercise during vibrations, either stood with slightly flexed knees or performed semi-squats. The intensity of exercise in the first case increased by lengthening the time of vibrations, whereas in the second by additional load. Vibrations were applied by means of special strength exercise device producing short-term counter movements at the frequency of 10 Hz and amplitude 3 mm. Stabilographic parameter (mean velocity of the center of pressure) was registered at 100 Hz by means of the stabilography system FiTRO Sway check based on dynamometric platform.
Results: Results showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in velocity of the center of pressure from 11.2 ± 2.5 to 8.9 ± 2.0 mm/s. In addition, such an improvement of postural stability was more efficient after training in which semi-squats were performed as compared to those when subjects stood in semi-squat position on the vibrating platform (28.8 and 27.0 %, respectively). On the other hand, no significant changes in control group were observed (12.6 ± 2.4 and 11.9 ± 1.8 mm/s, respectively).
Conclusion: It may be concluded that long-term proprioceptive stimulation training applied to lower extremities improve postural stability in older people. Such a positive change may be ascribed to the enhancement of neuroregulatory functions, namely increased rate of motoneuron firing and better synchronisation of motor units activation.
Key words: elderly, postural sway, propropceptive stimulation, training
Read article »
THE CAUSES OF INJURIES IN FREESTYLE SNOWBOARDING
Monika Zygmuntowicz, Edward Czerwiński
Introduction: Freestyle is the most popular and common style of snowboarding. This style includes jumps, tricks, rail slides and halfpipe.
Aim of the study: The aim of the present study was to estimate the causes of injuries in freestyle snowboarding.
Material and Methods: The research was carried out on 211 persons (42 women and 169 men) in age from 16 to 21 years; average age for both sexes was 19.3 years. The questionnaire was used as a research method.
Results: The most common reasons for injuries were technical mistakes (n=89; 81%), tiredness (n=15; 14%), icy slope (n= 14; 13%), other peoples’ mistakes (n=4; 4%) and faulty equipment (n=1; 1%). Falls were the injury mechanism in 77%, collisions account for less than 12% of snowboarding injuries. Most collisions involving snowboarders occur with a stationary object.
Conclusions: Individual snowboarding errors were the most common cause of injury in other study. Falls were the most common mechanism of injury in snowboarding.
Key words: freestyle snowboarding, causes of injuries, injury, mechanism
Read article »
TRAUMATIC POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF
STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINT IN A YOUNG RUGBY
PLAYER PRESENTING WITH MINIMAL SYMPTOMS: A CASE REPORT
Vinay K Singh, Pankaj K Singh, Alka Mishra, Juhi Tomar
Injury to sternoclavicular joint is uncommon but may be life threatening if the diagnosis is not made acutely. Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation is associated with a number of complications including tracheal tear and trauma to the great vessels. Diagnosis by conventional radiography is difficult. Even experienced examiners may miss the diagnosis unless a high index of suspicion is kept and the appropriate imaging studies are ordered. We report a case of traumatic dislocation of sternoclavicular joint in an 11-year-old boy post rugby injury, successfully treated by closed reduction.
Key words: sternoclavicular joint; dislocation; child; rugby; sports injury
Read article »
PREVENTION OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN SPORT SHOOTERS
Felicja Lwow, Paweł Jóźków, Wojciech Gawron, Marek Mędraś
Background: Noise associated with training and competition poses a serious risk on sport shooters. Hearing trauma is one of the most important health hazards in this group of sportspersons.
Aim of the study: We assessed measures undertaken by individuals to prevent hearing trauma and searched for associations between parameters of noise exposure and health disturbances.
Material and methods: We surveyed 197 sport shooters (104 women and 93 men) aged 12-56, who represented 18 sport clubs from within one European country (Poland). Their level of performance varied from III sport class to champion class (Olympic champions). The length of exposure to shooting-noise was from under 1 year to more than 12 years.
Results: We have found that between 32-53% of women shooters and 39-48% of men shooters did not use any kind of hearing protection during training/competition. It was striking that though hearing disturbances were present in more than 20% of shooters only 36% of women and 53% of men underwent an audiometric examination during their careers.
Conclusions: Sport shooters are not sufficiently protected against hearing trauma and they do not undergo proper audiological screening. Preventive measures such as careful otolaryngological observation and wearing hearing protectors need further dissemination and application in this group of sportspersons.
Key words: firearms, sports, noise-induced hearing loss, prevention, protective devices
Read article »
EVALUATION OF ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS AMONG PHYSICALLY ACTIVE PEOPLE IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR LIFESTYLE
Ewa Rembiałkowska, Renata Kazimierczak, Dominika Średnicka, Angelika Jeżewska)
Aim of the study: The main aim of the research was to evaluate and to compare the ecological awareness of people representing three groups: amateurs, competitors and trainers in the context of their physical activity and lifestyle.
Methods: Questionnaire survey concerning the ecological awareness covered 150 respondents living in Warsaw and representing different levels of physical activity: 1/3 of respondents represented amateurs, 1/3 – competitors and 1/3 – trainers. Sport status was a basal criterion for respondents’ selection, while age and gender were not considered.
Results: The results show lack of education in the area of environmental problems, environmental protection and interactions between human and nature in all analyzed groups. Amateurs present relatively highest level of ecological awareness, however the level is still very low in all the groups. Moreover, there is a difference between theoretical knowledge and declarations of respondents and their real behaviors towards environment.
Conclusion: Promotion of healthy lifestyle based on physical activity should be connected with dissemination of environmental knowledge in order to sensitize people to relations between the nature, health and the quality of life.
Key words: ecological awareness, environment, lifestyle, amateurs, competitors, trainers
Read article »
DAILY INTAKE OF MACRONUTRIENTS AND SELECTED MINERALS IN PHYSICALLY ACTIVE FEMALE STUDENTS` IN COMPARISON WITH MALES OF MATCHED AGE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Grażyna Lutosławska, Marzena Malara, Krzysztof Mazurek, Anna Czajkowska
Introduction: Many female sportsmen have sub optimal energy and nutrient intakes and are at risk on compromised nutritional status. Physical education female students are highly active due to study program, which includes different sports (gymnastics, swimming, track and field). In addition, at least some of them are engaged in specific sports at the club level. However, their dietary habits were not studied.
Aim of the study: This study was undertaken to analyze daily intakes of energy, macronutrients and selected micronutrients (iron, copper and zinc) in male and female physical education students of matched physical activity.
Methods: In all subjects daily intake of energy, macronutrients, iron, copper and zinc was briefly assessed from 24 h food records taken over 4 days (2 week days and weekend) and analyzed using a computer program FOOD 2.
Results: In 84.5% of females and in 67.5% of males inadequate energy intake was noted. In females 52.3% of all participants were at risk of iron deficiency, 94.4 % were at risk of copper deficiency and 25.7% were characterized by inadequate zinc daily intake. The respective values in males were 0.8%, 69.9 % and 12.2% of all subjects.
Conclusions: High percent of females in our study were characterized by inadequate total energy intake vs. recommended for highly active women. The percent of males consuming inadequate amount of energy was lower than females. In consequence the risk of iron, copper and zinc deficiency in active females was higher than in males. However, high risk of copper deficit in the diet was noted in both sexes.
Key words: males, females, physical activity, diet, minerals
Read article »