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w.gawronski@medicinasportiva.pl
e-ISSN 1734-2260 from 2005
ISSN 1429-0022 from 1997 till 2004
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EMBASE/Excerpta Medica; Index Copernicus
Medicina Sportiva 2009 vol. 13, Issue 2
Copyright ® 2008 Medicina Sportiva
EFFECTS OF MANUAL MASSAGE ON MUSCLE-SPECIFIC SORENESS AND SINGLE LEG JUMP PERFORMANCE AFTER DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Mark E.T Willems, Tudor Hale, Carley S. Wilkinson
Read article »
THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SENSORIMOTOR EXERCISES ON NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE
Erika Zemková
Read article »
LOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADOLESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Karin Monshouwer, Margreet ten Have, Mireille van Poppel, Han Kemper, Wilma Vollebergh
Read article »
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE REGULATION
Jan Bilski, Aneta Teległów, Janina Zahradnik-Bilska, Artur Dembiński, Zygmunt Warzecha
Read article »
METABOLIC EQUIVALENT OF BRISK WALKING AND PLAYING NEW GENERATION ACTIVE COMPUTER GAMES IN YOUNG-ADULTS
Mark ET Willems, Timothy S Bond
Read article »
PHYSICAL ENDURANCE, SOMATIC INDICES AND SWIMMING TECHNIQUE PARAMETERS AS DETERMINANTS OF FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING SPEED AT SHORT DISTANCES IN YOUNG SWIMMERS
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Read article »
FLUID INTAKE AND CHANGES IN BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, RUNNING SPEED AND BODY MASS DURING AN 80 KM MOUNTAIN TRAIL RACE
Nicholas Tam, Tamara Hew-Butler, Eleni Papadopoulou, Heinrich Nolte, Timothy D. Noakes
Read article »
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO LOAD CARRIAGE DURING LEVEL AND DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Sam D. Blacker, Joanne L. Fallowfield, James L.J. Bilzon, Mark E.T. Willems
Read article »
Age and exercise duration as determinants of the effect of single bout of exercise on state anxiety in women
Monika Guszkowska
Read article »
CHALLENGING THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2009 POSITION STAND ON RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
Read article »
EFFECTS OF MANUAL MASSAGE ON MUSCLE-SPECIFIC SORENESS AND SINGLE LEG JUMP PERFORMANCE AFTER DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Mark E.T Willems, Tudor Hale, Carley S. Wilkinson
Introduction: This study examined the effect of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness of quadriceps muscles and single leg vertical jump performance after downhill treadmill walking.
Methods: Seven moderately active females (age: 19 ± 1 yr, height: 168 ± 3 cm, body mass: 63.9 ± 5.5 kg) completed a 20 min downhill walk (speed: 6.4 km·h-1, gradient: –25%) as they carried a load equal to 10% of their body mass followed by one leg receiving massage for 25 min. Before, 24, 48 and 72 hr after downhill walking, delayed onset muscle soreness on a scale of 1-10 from rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles and changes in single leg vertical jump performance were measured for both legs.
Results: Delayed onset muscle soreness was reduced by massage 48 hr post-exercise in the RF and VL (P<0.05) but not in the VM. Jumping performance of each leg declined after downhill walking (P<0.001). At 24 hours, jumping height was decreased by 19% and 21% in control and massaged leg, respectively (P<0.05). However, at 48 and 72 hr post-exercise, the massaged leg showed improved recovery in jumping performance.
Conclusions: Reductions in delayed onset muscle soreness of quadriceps muscles by massage after downhill walking were muscle-specific. Massage improved functional recovery after downhill walking.
Key words: downhill walking, massage, delayed onset muscle soreness, muscle injury, jump height
Read article »
THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SENSORIMOTOR EXERCISES ON NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE
Erika Zemková
The paper provides an overview of our findings on acute balance adjustments while performing different forms of sensorimotor exercise, as well as its adaptive changes due to systematic training programs in various population. Postural stability was evaluated under both static and dynamic conditions using either wobble board or antero-posterior and medio-lateral randomly moving platform. The COP velocity was registered at 100 Hz by means of posturography system FiTRO Sway check based on dynamometric platform. Results showed improvement of balance after all sensorimotor exercises applied, i.e. serial mechanical proprioceptive stimulation in older women, task-oriented proprioceptive exercise in untrained individuals, combined agility-balance exercises in elite basketball players, and instability resistance exercises in athletes with previous ACL injury. However, both acute adjustments and adaptive changes of balance have been found to depend on exercise mode used. Therefore, further studies are needed to provide scientific guidelines which one is the most effective and appropriate for related population. Nevertheless, sensorimotor exercises represent an efficient means for enhancement of neuromuscular performance enabling maintenance of balance under static and dynamic conditions. It may be of potential use also for prevention and/or rehabilitation of injuries.
Key words: acute adjustments, adaptive changes, postural sway, sensorimotor exercises
Read article »
LOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADOLESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Findings from the Dutch survey on health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC)
Karin Monshouwer, Margreet ten Have, Mireille van Poppel, Han Kemper, Wilma Vollebergh
Aim: To investigate physical activity levels in adolescence and to assess the independent association with a wide range of mental health problems.
Methods: Data were used from 7,304 adolescents aged 11-16 years drawn from the 2001 Dutch HBSC school survey. Physical activity and mental health were measured using validated instruments (the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity screening measure (MVPA) and the Youth Self Report (YSR) for use among children and adolescents.
Results: Only 39.8% of the respondents met the guideline for physical activity. Almost one in seven respondents (13.4%) were categorized as inactive, with particular high rates among the 16 year olds (23.8%) and respondents from low socio-economic status families (23.1%). While adjusting for confounding factors, inactive respondents were at greater risk for withdrawn behavior (OR=2.04), anxious/depressed feelings (OR=1.73) and aggressive behavior (OR=1.49) as compared to those who met the physical activity guideline.
Conclusions: This study adds to a small, but growing number of studies reporting evidence for a link between physical inactivity and mental health problems in adolescence. Although results are promising, further research is necessary to assess the possibilities of physical activity as one of the instruments in the treatment and prevention of mental health problems.
Key words: physical activity, mental health, child, adolescent
Read article »
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE REGULATION
Jan Bilski, Aneta Teległów, Janina Zahradnik-Bilska, Artur Dembiński, Zygmunt Warzecha
n this review, we discuss the effects of acute and chronic exercise on appetite and food intake regulation, the potential mechanisms involved and its relationship with hormonal and metabolic changes that affect energy balance. The mechanisms of post exercise short-term appetite modification remain unclear and although the role of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides is possible hypotheses, it still remains unproven. Motivation to eat and food intake in response to acute exercise seem to be modulated by gender, body weight and eating behavior. In general, acute exercise has no effect on subsequent El in men, whereas in women an increase in EI is usually observed, either decreasing or abolishing the effects of exercise on EB. Normal weight women, unlike men, report an increased palatability of foods with exercise and do not experience the transient suppression of hunger observed immediately after exercise. The evidence to date emphasizes the need to increase physical exercise levels, particularly because of the high prevalence of obesity. More research is needed to explain the mechanisms behind the post exercise adjustments in short-term appetite control, and their long-term consequences.
Key words: appetite, energy intake, exercise, leptin, ghrelin
Read article »
METABOLIC EQUIVALENT OF BRISK WALKING AND PLAYING NEW GENERATION ACTIVE COMPUTER GAMES IN YOUNG-ADULTS
Mark ET Willems, Timothy S Bond
Introduction: Regular moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking, provides health benefits. We compared the energy expenditure during brisk treadmill walking and playing new generation active computer games (i.e. Nintendo Wii sports tennis, baseball and boxing).
Methods: Ten participants (mean±SD, 21±1 years; 73.9±12.0 kg; 1.76±0.06 m) walked at a brisk pace on a treadmill (3x10 min, 5 min rest periods) or played tennis, baseball and boxing (Wii sports) in similar time sequence. Energy expenditure was measured with the portable Cosmed K4b2 indirect calorimetry system and expressed in metabolic equivalents (METs). A within-subjects crossover design was used with repeated measures two-way ANOVA and post-hoc paired samples t-test for analysis.
Results: METs during brisk treadmill walking (5.7±1.2 range: 4.4 - 8.5) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than during Wii Sports boxing (4.7±1.4, range: 2.7-6.8), tennis (3.1±1.2, range: 2.0-4.0) and baseball (2.8±0.7, range: 1.6-3.8). The MET values of boxing were higher than for tennis and baseball (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Guidelines for physical activity required to get health benefits could be met by young adults playing Wii Sports but are activity-specific. Playing a combination of Wii Sports tennis, baseball, and boxing may not necessarily be a substitute for a moderate-intensity exercise session as part of a programme to promote and maintain health.
Key words: indirect calorimetry, public health, boxing, brisk walking, video games
Read article »
PHYSICAL ENDURANCE, SOMATIC INDICES AND SWIMMING TECHNIQUE PARAMETERS AS DETERMINANTS OF FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING SPEED AT SHORT DISTANCES IN YOUNG SWIMMERS
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Introduction: Appropriate swimming techniques and anaerobic capacity have a strong influence on factors related to performance in young swimmers. This study evaluated the factors attributed to performance in sprint front crawl swimmers.
Aim of the study: To investigate the level of aerobic and anaerobic component of physical endurance, swimming technique and somatic indices, as well as to determine their influence on young swimmers’ all-out sprint front crawl swimming.
Methods: The group of 26 swimmers (age: 16.1±1.09 years) was subject to anthropometric measurements including lean body mass (LBM), total body length (TBL) and arm span (AS). Each individual was subject to five laboratory tests and 2 swimming tests: alactic anaerobic test (vertical jump test – CMJ), incremental tests for assessment of arms (AR) and legs aerobic capacity (LG) in two different tests, one-minute anaerobic endurance tests for arms (60sAR) and legs (60sLG). Swimming include all-out tests at the distance of 25 and 100 meters.
Results: The biometric (TBL, AS) and body structure (LBM) indices level was in general determining swimming speed at high and average level. The maximal power obtained in anaerobic endurance test with legs (PmxLG) and total work in the CMJ (counter movement jump) test had the strongest influence on 25 and 100 meters swimming speeds. At both distances speed statistically significantly correlated also with the swimming technique parameters: stroke rate (SR), index of coordination (IdC) and propulsion phases (PL+PS).
Conclusions: Research on young swimmers confirmed essential influence of energy obtaining mechanisms from alactic, glycolitic and aerobic sources on swimming speed at short distances. Body size and swimming technique parameters had also significant influence on swimming results.
Key words: front crawl, swimming technique, oxygen uptake, anaerobic capacity
Read article »
FLUID INTAKE AND CHANGES IN BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, RUNNING SPEED AND BODY MASS DURING AN 80 KM MOUNTAIN TRAIL RACE
Nicholas Tam, Tamara Hew-Butler, Eleni Papadopoulou, Heinrich Nolte, Timothy D. Noakes
Introduction: To measure changes in body mass, total body water, running performance, fluid intake and blood biochemical variables in an ultra-marathon mountain race.
Methods: 9 subjects (44.0 ± 9.2 years; 72.2 ± 9.0 kg) were measured 2-days before the race, immediately pre-race and post-race for body mass (BM), total body water (TBW), plasma osmolality, plasma sodium ([Na+]), plasma potassium ([K+]) and plasma total protein concentrations. Fluid intake and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also measured over the entire race.
Results: Significant BM loss occurred from 2-days pre-race to post-race (-3.1 ± 1.2 kg; p<0.05) and pre-race to post-race (-3.7 ± 2.7 kg; p<0.01). A positive linear relationship was found between fluid intake and changes in BM during the race (r = 0.7; p<0.05. Rates of fluid intake (321- 628ml/hr) and total body mass loss varied substantially between individuals. Plasma osmolality and [Na+] concentrations were well regulated and did not change significantly. There was a non- significant correlation between changes in body mass and race performance.
Conclusion: We conclude that drinking rates vary substantially in athletes drinking ad libitum during an 80 km mountain race whereas plasma osmolality and [Na+] concentrations are well regulated despite large changes in BM. Therefore, drinking ad libitum during prolonged endurance running seems to be an appropriate method to maintain fluid homeostasis during ultra-marathon mountain races.
Key words: fluid balance, plasma sodium, plasma osmolality, exercise
Read article »
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO LOAD CARRIAGE DURING LEVEL AND DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Sam D. Blacker, Joanne L. Fallowfield, James L.J. Bilzon, Mark E.T. Willems
Introduction: Load carriage using backpacks is undertaken recreationally and as an occupational task. We assessed physiological changes during 2 hours of load carriage during level and downhill treadmill walking.
Methods: Ten male participants (age: 30±8 years, body mass: 79.4±8.3 kg, O2max 55.1±5.6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) completed randomly 3 walking tests (6.5 km·h-1) for 2 hours: (1) level walking no load (LW), (2) level walking with a 25 kg backpack (LWLC) and (3) downhill walking (-8%) with a 25 kg backpack (DWLC). Results: O2 was higher during LWLC compared to LW at baseline (minute 5) (23.0±2.7 vs.16.4±0.7 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001) and 120 minute (26.9±3.3 vs. 17.9±0.5 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001). The increase in O2 during LWLC was greater over the 120 minutes (3.9±2.3 vs.1.6±0.6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P=0.018). O2 during DWLC was lower than LWLC at baseline (17.1±1.6 vs. 23.0±2.7 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001) and minute 120 (21.4±3.0 vs. 26.9±3.3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001), with no difference in O2 increase over time (4.3±2.5 vs. 3.9±2.3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P=0.411). Cardiovascular drift occurred between 5 and 120 minutes for LW (96±10 to 99±12 beats∙min-1, P=0.005), LWLC (116±13 to 141±23 beats∙min-1, P=0.001) and DWLC (103±9 to 126±21 beats∙min-1, P=0.001). RER decreased between 5 and 120 minutes during LWLC only (0.90±0.09 to 0.83±0.04, P=0.021). Stride frequency increased between 5 and 120 minutes during DWLC only (64±3 to 66±4 steps∙min-1, P=0.043). Conclusion: Differences in O2 and cardiovascular drift between prolonged unloaded and loaded level treadmill walking and prolonged loaded level and downhill treadmill walking appear to relate to changes in substrate oxidation, muscle fatigue/damage and mechanical efficiency.
Key words: O2 drift, cardiovascular drift, backpack, muscle fatigue, muscle injury
Read article »
Age and exercise duration as determinants of the effect of single bout of exercise on state anxiety in women
Monika Guszkowska
Introduction. Anxiolytic effect of one-time physical exercise was confirmed in many experimental researches. Determinants of this effect are yet still not fully recognized. The aim of this study was to see whether the influence of one-time physical exercise on women state of anxiety differs with regard to age of trainees and duration of the exercise session.
Materials and Methods. Natural field research involved 163 women aged 16-56 who participated in various forms of physical exercise in Warsaw fitness clubs. Spielberger and colleagues State-Trait Anxiety Inventory along with author’s own-design questionnaire on physical activity and type and duration of the exercises included in the research were applied. Measurement of the state anxiety was carried out immediately before starting the fitness session and 10 minutes after completing the exercise.
Results. Research results let us claim significant decline of the state anxiety in case of younger women (aged 16-34), while for the oldest group of trainees (aged 35-56) no significant changes were observed. The highest anxiety decline was noticed in the 24-34 years of age group. Anxiolytic effect was the strongest for exercise session lasting 45-60 minutes and less evident for 30 minutes exercise session. It diminished completely in case of exercise sessions lasting more than an hour. Therefore, age of trainees and duration of training session should be considered important determinants of decline of the state anxiety.
Conclusions. Research results enable to claim, that duration of training sessions should be adjusted individually according to the age of trainees (also for early and moderately maturity age) and that there is an optimal for positive psychological effects time of training sessions. The subject of further research should be both the lowest and highest time limit for which anxiolytic effect is observed.
Key words: exercise, women, anxiety
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CHALLENGING THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2009 POSITION STAND ON RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
The new ACSM Position Stand on resistance training is very similar to the 2002 Position Stand, which based the majority of its claims and recommendations on misinterpretation of resistance training studies and selective referencing. The addition of a few new references published since the previous Position Stand was supposed to enhance the credibility of the ACSM’s recommendations for resistance training. Unfortunately, the ACSM’s new Position Stand contains all the flaws that were pervasive in their previous Position Stand; that is, the authors cited references that failed to support their opinions and recommendations.
Key words: muscular strength, load, volume, exercises
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Indexed in: SportDiscus; EMBASE/Excerpta Medica; Index Copernicus
EFFECTS OF MANUAL MASSAGE ON MUSCLE-SPECIFIC SORENESS AND SINGLE LEG JUMP PERFORMANCE AFTER DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Medicina Sportiva 2009 vol. 13, Issue 2
Copyright ® 2008 Medicina Sportiva
Mark E.T Willems, Tudor Hale, Carley S. Wilkinson
Read article »
THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SENSORIMOTOR EXERCISES ON NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE
Erika Zemková
Read article »
LOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADOLESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Karin Monshouwer, Margreet ten Have, Mireille van Poppel, Han Kemper, Wilma Vollebergh
Read article »
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE REGULATION
Jan Bilski, Aneta Teległów, Janina Zahradnik-Bilska, Artur Dembiński, Zygmunt Warzecha
Read article »
METABOLIC EQUIVALENT OF BRISK WALKING AND PLAYING NEW GENERATION ACTIVE COMPUTER GAMES IN YOUNG-ADULTS
Mark ET Willems, Timothy S Bond
Read article »
PHYSICAL ENDURANCE, SOMATIC INDICES AND SWIMMING TECHNIQUE PARAMETERS AS DETERMINANTS OF FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING SPEED AT SHORT DISTANCES IN YOUNG SWIMMERS
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Read article »
FLUID INTAKE AND CHANGES IN BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, RUNNING SPEED AND BODY MASS DURING AN 80 KM MOUNTAIN TRAIL RACE
Nicholas Tam, Tamara Hew-Butler, Eleni Papadopoulou, Heinrich Nolte, Timothy D. Noakes
Read article »
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO LOAD CARRIAGE DURING LEVEL AND DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Sam D. Blacker, Joanne L. Fallowfield, James L.J. Bilzon, Mark E.T. Willems
Read article »
Age and exercise duration as determinants of the effect of single bout of exercise on state anxiety in women
Monika Guszkowska
Read article »
CHALLENGING THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2009 POSITION STAND ON RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
Read article »
EFFECTS OF MANUAL MASSAGE ON MUSCLE-SPECIFIC SORENESS AND SINGLE LEG JUMP PERFORMANCE AFTER DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Mark E.T Willems, Tudor Hale, Carley S. Wilkinson
Introduction: This study examined the effect of massage on delayed onset muscle soreness of quadriceps muscles and single leg vertical jump performance after downhill treadmill walking.
Methods: Seven moderately active females (age: 19 ± 1 yr, height: 168 ± 3 cm, body mass: 63.9 ± 5.5 kg) completed a 20 min downhill walk (speed: 6.4 km·h-1, gradient: –25%) as they carried a load equal to 10% of their body mass followed by one leg receiving massage for 25 min. Before, 24, 48 and 72 hr after downhill walking, delayed onset muscle soreness on a scale of 1-10 from rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles and changes in single leg vertical jump performance were measured for both legs.
Results: Delayed onset muscle soreness was reduced by massage 48 hr post-exercise in the RF and VL (P<0.05) but not in the VM. Jumping performance of each leg declined after downhill walking (P<0.001). At 24 hours, jumping height was decreased by 19% and 21% in control and massaged leg, respectively (P<0.05). However, at 48 and 72 hr post-exercise, the massaged leg showed improved recovery in jumping performance.
Conclusions: Reductions in delayed onset muscle soreness of quadriceps muscles by massage after downhill walking were muscle-specific. Massage improved functional recovery after downhill walking.
Key words: downhill walking, massage, delayed onset muscle soreness, muscle injury, jump height
Read article »
THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SENSORIMOTOR EXERCISES ON NEUROMUSCULAR PERFORMANCE
Erika Zemková
The paper provides an overview of our findings on acute balance adjustments while performing different forms of sensorimotor exercise, as well as its adaptive changes due to systematic training programs in various population. Postural stability was evaluated under both static and dynamic conditions using either wobble board or antero-posterior and medio-lateral randomly moving platform. The COP velocity was registered at 100 Hz by means of posturography system FiTRO Sway check based on dynamometric platform. Results showed improvement of balance after all sensorimotor exercises applied, i.e. serial mechanical proprioceptive stimulation in older women, task-oriented proprioceptive exercise in untrained individuals, combined agility-balance exercises in elite basketball players, and instability resistance exercises in athletes with previous ACL injury. However, both acute adjustments and adaptive changes of balance have been found to depend on exercise mode used. Therefore, further studies are needed to provide scientific guidelines which one is the most effective and appropriate for related population. Nevertheless, sensorimotor exercises represent an efficient means for enhancement of neuromuscular performance enabling maintenance of balance under static and dynamic conditions. It may be of potential use also for prevention and/or rehabilitation of injuries.
Key words: acute adjustments, adaptive changes, postural sway, sensorimotor exercises
Read article »
LOW PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ADOLESCENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Findings from the Dutch survey on health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC)
Karin Monshouwer, Margreet ten Have, Mireille van Poppel, Han Kemper, Wilma Vollebergh
Aim: To investigate physical activity levels in adolescence and to assess the independent association with a wide range of mental health problems.
Methods: Data were used from 7,304 adolescents aged 11-16 years drawn from the 2001 Dutch HBSC school survey. Physical activity and mental health were measured using validated instruments (the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity screening measure (MVPA) and the Youth Self Report (YSR) for use among children and adolescents.
Results: Only 39.8% of the respondents met the guideline for physical activity. Almost one in seven respondents (13.4%) were categorized as inactive, with particular high rates among the 16 year olds (23.8%) and respondents from low socio-economic status families (23.1%). While adjusting for confounding factors, inactive respondents were at greater risk for withdrawn behavior (OR=2.04), anxious/depressed feelings (OR=1.73) and aggressive behavior (OR=1.49) as compared to those who met the physical activity guideline.
Conclusions: This study adds to a small, but growing number of studies reporting evidence for a link between physical inactivity and mental health problems in adolescence. Although results are promising, further research is necessary to assess the possibilities of physical activity as one of the instruments in the treatment and prevention of mental health problems.
Key words: physical activity, mental health, child, adolescent
Read article »
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE REGULATION
Jan Bilski, Aneta Teległów, Janina Zahradnik-Bilska, Artur Dembiński, Zygmunt Warzecha
n this review, we discuss the effects of acute and chronic exercise on appetite and food intake regulation, the potential mechanisms involved and its relationship with hormonal and metabolic changes that affect energy balance. The mechanisms of post exercise short-term appetite modification remain unclear and although the role of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides is possible hypotheses, it still remains unproven. Motivation to eat and food intake in response to acute exercise seem to be modulated by gender, body weight and eating behavior. In general, acute exercise has no effect on subsequent El in men, whereas in women an increase in EI is usually observed, either decreasing or abolishing the effects of exercise on EB. Normal weight women, unlike men, report an increased palatability of foods with exercise and do not experience the transient suppression of hunger observed immediately after exercise. The evidence to date emphasizes the need to increase physical exercise levels, particularly because of the high prevalence of obesity. More research is needed to explain the mechanisms behind the post exercise adjustments in short-term appetite control, and their long-term consequences.
Key words: appetite, energy intake, exercise, leptin, ghrelin
Read article »
METABOLIC EQUIVALENT OF BRISK WALKING AND PLAYING NEW GENERATION ACTIVE COMPUTER GAMES IN YOUNG-ADULTS
Mark ET Willems, Timothy S Bond
Introduction: Regular moderate-intensity exercise, such as brisk walking, provides health benefits. We compared the energy expenditure during brisk treadmill walking and playing new generation active computer games (i.e. Nintendo Wii sports tennis, baseball and boxing).
Methods: Ten participants (mean±SD, 21±1 years; 73.9±12.0 kg; 1.76±0.06 m) walked at a brisk pace on a treadmill (3x10 min, 5 min rest periods) or played tennis, baseball and boxing (Wii sports) in similar time sequence. Energy expenditure was measured with the portable Cosmed K4b2 indirect calorimetry system and expressed in metabolic equivalents (METs). A within-subjects crossover design was used with repeated measures two-way ANOVA and post-hoc paired samples t-test for analysis.
Results: METs during brisk treadmill walking (5.7±1.2 range: 4.4 - 8.5) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than during Wii Sports boxing (4.7±1.4, range: 2.7-6.8), tennis (3.1±1.2, range: 2.0-4.0) and baseball (2.8±0.7, range: 1.6-3.8). The MET values of boxing were higher than for tennis and baseball (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Guidelines for physical activity required to get health benefits could be met by young adults playing Wii Sports but are activity-specific. Playing a combination of Wii Sports tennis, baseball, and boxing may not necessarily be a substitute for a moderate-intensity exercise session as part of a programme to promote and maintain health.
Key words: indirect calorimetry, public health, boxing, brisk walking, video games
Read article »
PHYSICAL ENDURANCE, SOMATIC INDICES AND SWIMMING TECHNIQUE PARAMETERS AS DETERMINANTS OF FRONT CRAWL SWIMMING SPEED AT SHORT DISTANCES IN YOUNG SWIMMERS
Marek Strzała, Aleksander Tyka
Introduction: Appropriate swimming techniques and anaerobic capacity have a strong influence on factors related to performance in young swimmers. This study evaluated the factors attributed to performance in sprint front crawl swimmers.
Aim of the study: To investigate the level of aerobic and anaerobic component of physical endurance, swimming technique and somatic indices, as well as to determine their influence on young swimmers’ all-out sprint front crawl swimming.
Methods: The group of 26 swimmers (age: 16.1±1.09 years) was subject to anthropometric measurements including lean body mass (LBM), total body length (TBL) and arm span (AS). Each individual was subject to five laboratory tests and 2 swimming tests: alactic anaerobic test (vertical jump test – CMJ), incremental tests for assessment of arms (AR) and legs aerobic capacity (LG) in two different tests, one-minute anaerobic endurance tests for arms (60sAR) and legs (60sLG). Swimming include all-out tests at the distance of 25 and 100 meters.
Results: The biometric (TBL, AS) and body structure (LBM) indices level was in general determining swimming speed at high and average level. The maximal power obtained in anaerobic endurance test with legs (PmxLG) and total work in the CMJ (counter movement jump) test had the strongest influence on 25 and 100 meters swimming speeds. At both distances speed statistically significantly correlated also with the swimming technique parameters: stroke rate (SR), index of coordination (IdC) and propulsion phases (PL+PS).
Conclusions: Research on young swimmers confirmed essential influence of energy obtaining mechanisms from alactic, glycolitic and aerobic sources on swimming speed at short distances. Body size and swimming technique parameters had also significant influence on swimming results.
Key words: front crawl, swimming technique, oxygen uptake, anaerobic capacity
Read article »
FLUID INTAKE AND CHANGES IN BLOOD BIOCHEMISTRY, RUNNING SPEED AND BODY MASS DURING AN 80 KM MOUNTAIN TRAIL RACE
Nicholas Tam, Tamara Hew-Butler, Eleni Papadopoulou, Heinrich Nolte, Timothy D. Noakes
Introduction: To measure changes in body mass, total body water, running performance, fluid intake and blood biochemical variables in an ultra-marathon mountain race.
Methods: 9 subjects (44.0 ± 9.2 years; 72.2 ± 9.0 kg) were measured 2-days before the race, immediately pre-race and post-race for body mass (BM), total body water (TBW), plasma osmolality, plasma sodium ([Na+]), plasma potassium ([K+]) and plasma total protein concentrations. Fluid intake and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also measured over the entire race.
Results: Significant BM loss occurred from 2-days pre-race to post-race (-3.1 ± 1.2 kg; p<0.05) and pre-race to post-race (-3.7 ± 2.7 kg; p<0.01). A positive linear relationship was found between fluid intake and changes in BM during the race (r = 0.7; p<0.05. Rates of fluid intake (321- 628ml/hr) and total body mass loss varied substantially between individuals. Plasma osmolality and [Na+] concentrations were well regulated and did not change significantly. There was a non- significant correlation between changes in body mass and race performance.
Conclusion: We conclude that drinking rates vary substantially in athletes drinking ad libitum during an 80 km mountain race whereas plasma osmolality and [Na+] concentrations are well regulated despite large changes in BM. Therefore, drinking ad libitum during prolonged endurance running seems to be an appropriate method to maintain fluid homeostasis during ultra-marathon mountain races.
Key words: fluid balance, plasma sodium, plasma osmolality, exercise
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO LOAD CARRIAGE DURING LEVEL AND DOWNHILL TREADMILL WALKING
Sam D. Blacker, Joanne L. Fallowfield, James L.J. Bilzon, Mark E.T. Willems
Introduction: Load carriage using backpacks is undertaken recreationally and as an occupational task. We assessed physiological changes during 2 hours of load carriage during level and downhill treadmill walking.
Methods: Ten male participants (age: 30±8 years, body mass: 79.4±8.3 kg, O2max 55.1±5.6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) completed randomly 3 walking tests (6.5 km·h-1) for 2 hours: (1) level walking no load (LW), (2) level walking with a 25 kg backpack (LWLC) and (3) downhill walking (-8%) with a 25 kg backpack (DWLC). Results: O2 was higher during LWLC compared to LW at baseline (minute 5) (23.0±2.7 vs.16.4±0.7 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001) and 120 minute (26.9±3.3 vs. 17.9±0.5 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001). The increase in O2 during LWLC was greater over the 120 minutes (3.9±2.3 vs.1.6±0.6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P=0.018). O2 during DWLC was lower than LWLC at baseline (17.1±1.6 vs. 23.0±2.7 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001) and minute 120 (21.4±3.0 vs. 26.9±3.3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P<0.001), with no difference in O2 increase over time (4.3±2.5 vs. 3.9±2.3 ml∙kg-1∙min-1, P=0.411). Cardiovascular drift occurred between 5 and 120 minutes for LW (96±10 to 99±12 beats∙min-1, P=0.005), LWLC (116±13 to 141±23 beats∙min-1, P=0.001) and DWLC (103±9 to 126±21 beats∙min-1, P=0.001). RER decreased between 5 and 120 minutes during LWLC only (0.90±0.09 to 0.83±0.04, P=0.021). Stride frequency increased between 5 and 120 minutes during DWLC only (64±3 to 66±4 steps∙min-1, P=0.043). Conclusion: Differences in O2 and cardiovascular drift between prolonged unloaded and loaded level treadmill walking and prolonged loaded level and downhill treadmill walking appear to relate to changes in substrate oxidation, muscle fatigue/damage and mechanical efficiency.
Key words: O2 drift, cardiovascular drift, backpack, muscle fatigue, muscle injury
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Age and exercise duration as determinants of the effect of single bout of exercise on state anxiety in women
Monika Guszkowska
Introduction. Anxiolytic effect of one-time physical exercise was confirmed in many experimental researches. Determinants of this effect are yet still not fully recognized. The aim of this study was to see whether the influence of one-time physical exercise on women state of anxiety differs with regard to age of trainees and duration of the exercise session.
Materials and Methods. Natural field research involved 163 women aged 16-56 who participated in various forms of physical exercise in Warsaw fitness clubs. Spielberger and colleagues State-Trait Anxiety Inventory along with author’s own-design questionnaire on physical activity and type and duration of the exercises included in the research were applied. Measurement of the state anxiety was carried out immediately before starting the fitness session and 10 minutes after completing the exercise.
Results. Research results let us claim significant decline of the state anxiety in case of younger women (aged 16-34), while for the oldest group of trainees (aged 35-56) no significant changes were observed. The highest anxiety decline was noticed in the 24-34 years of age group. Anxiolytic effect was the strongest for exercise session lasting 45-60 minutes and less evident for 30 minutes exercise session. It diminished completely in case of exercise sessions lasting more than an hour. Therefore, age of trainees and duration of training session should be considered important determinants of decline of the state anxiety.
Conclusions. Research results enable to claim, that duration of training sessions should be adjusted individually according to the age of trainees (also for early and moderately maturity age) and that there is an optimal for positive psychological effects time of training sessions. The subject of further research should be both the lowest and highest time limit for which anxiolytic effect is observed.
Key words: exercise, women, anxiety
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CHALLENGING THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2009 POSITION STAND ON RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
The new ACSM Position Stand on resistance training is very similar to the 2002 Position Stand, which based the majority of its claims and recommendations on misinterpretation of resistance training studies and selective referencing. The addition of a few new references published since the previous Position Stand was supposed to enhance the credibility of the ACSM’s recommendations for resistance training. Unfortunately, the ACSM’s new Position Stand contains all the flaws that were pervasive in their previous Position Stand; that is, the authors cited references that failed to support their opinions and recommendations.
Key words: muscular strength, load, volume, exercises
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