0502314552
w.gawronski@medicinasportiva.pl
e-ISSN 1734-2260 from 2005
ISSN 1429-0022 from 1997 till 2004
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EBSCO; Index Copernicus
Medicina Sportiva 2010 vol. 14, Issue 3
Copyright ® 2010 Medicina Sportiva
Exercise, heat stress and the interleukin-6 response: support for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms
Toby Mündel, Jaime P. Cox and David A. Jones
Read article »
CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE BACKWARDS OVERHEAD MEDICINE BALL THROW AS A TEST OF EXPLOSIVE POWER IN ADOLESCENTS
Michael J. Duncan and Joanne Hankey
Read article »
TRIAL OF THERMAL IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE JOINT PAIN SYNDROME
Anna Puzder, Kamila Gworys, Beata Rechcińska-Roślak, Jowita Gasztych, Marek Sopiński, Teresa Jakubowska, Karolina Markowska, Jarosław Oborzyński, Ireneusz Pieszyński, Przemysław Gworys, Jolanta Kujawa
Read article »
Antioxidant defense system during dosed maximal exercise in professional sportsmen.
Małgorzata Mrowicka, Józef Kędziora, Krzysztof Bortnik, Katarzyna Malinowska, Jerzy Mrowicki
Read article »
SPORTS-RELATED MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES – A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 51 CASES
Jolanta Wojciechowicz, Bożenna Pałysewicz, Grażyna Maślanko, Katarzyna Olszewska
Read article »
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CLAIMS FOR INTER-SET REST INTERVALS, ENDOGENOUS HORMONAL RESPONSES, SEQUENCE OF EXERCISE, AND PRE-EXHAUSTION EXERCISE FOR OPTIMAL STRENGTH GAINS IN RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
Read article »
TRAVELLER’S DIARRHOEA – PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN THE MOUNTAINS
Consensus Statement of the Medical Commission of theUnion Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA Med Com )
Thomas Küpper, Volker Schoffl, Jim S. Milledge
Read article »
Exercise, heat stress and the interleukin-6 response: support for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms
Toby Mündel, Jaime P. Cox and David A. Jones
Aim of study: The purpose of the present investigation was to determine a) whether or not the addition of heat stress augments exercise-induced circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), and b) if this was accompanied by an associated neuroendocrine response.
Materials and methods: Eight trained, non-heat acclimated males (26 ± 8 years, O2max: 60 ± 7 ml kg-1 min-1) each performed two 60-min cycling trials at 70 ± 2% maximal oxygen uptake at either 20ºC (CON) or 35ºC (HOT). Samples of venous blood were taken (rest, 30min, 60 min, +30 min) for determination of IL-6, prolactin and growth hormone. Indirect calorimetry was used to estimate whole-body substrate oxidation at 20 and 40 min during exercise, and measures of oesophageal (core) temperature and heart rate recorded.
Results: All eight subjects reported exercise as more difficult during HOT than CON, as evidenced by significantly higher ratings of perceived exertion (P < 0.01). The rise in core temperature was greater during HOT than CON (P < 0.05), increasing by ~1.8°C and ~1.2°C, respectively. Plasma concentrations of IL-6 increased approximately twice as much in the HOT condition than CON (P < 0.05). Concentrations of plasma growth hormone were significantly higher during HOT than CON (P < 0.05) as were concentrations of plasma prolactin (P < 0.01), whilst estimated total carbohydrate oxidation was similar between trials (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: The present results confirm the additive effect of heat stress to the IL-6 response during exercise. It is unlikely that this response is related to fuel selection, as whole-body carbohydrate oxidation was similar between conditions. Rather, the greater rise in core temperature during HOT was accompanied by significantly higher levels of growth hormone and prolactin, supporting a role for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulation of exercise-induced IL-6.
Key words: Exercise, core temperature, interleukin-6, prolactin, growth hormone
Read article »
CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE BACKWARDS OVERHEAD MEDICINE BALL THROW AS A TEST OF EXPLOSIVE POWER IN ADOLESCENTS
Michael J. Duncan and Joanne Hankey
Introduction: Medicine ball throws have been used as a field based test of explosive power. However, few authors have compared medicine ball throw performance to actual power output in young people. The aim of this study was to compare backwards overhead medicine ball (BOMB) throw performance with actual power output in a group of adolescents.
Materials and methods: Following parental informed consent, 47 adolescents (22 boys, 25 girls, mean age ± S.D. = 12.7 ± 1.5 years) performed the BOMB with a 3kg medicine ball, a counter movement jump (CMJ) and a weighted (7kg bar) squat jump (WSJ) in a randomized order. Power output was determined using a force platform (Kistler, Amherst, New York) and a linear position transducer (Fittech Inc, Australia) in the case of the CMJ and WSJ respectively.
Results: BOMB throw distance was significantly related to CMJ peak power (r = .806, P = 0.001) and WSJ peak power (r = .632, P = 0.01). CMJ power (R2 = 0.59, F1, 46 = 66.6, P = 0.01) was a better predictor of BOMB throw distance than WSJ power (R2 = 0.39, F1, 46 = 29.9, P = 0.01).
Conclusions: These results suggest that the BOMB demonstrates concurrent validity with power output of the lower body (glueteals, quadriceps, hamstrings, calves) in adolescents.
Key words: counter movement jump, force platform, squat jump
Read article »
TRIAL OF THERMAL IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE JOINT PAIN SYNDROME
Anna Puzder, Kamila Gworys, Beata Rechcińska-Roślak, Jowita Gasztych, Marek Sopiński, Teresa Jakubowska, Karolina Markowska, Jarosław Oborzyński, Ireneusz Pieszyński, Przemysław Gworys, Jolanta Kujawa
Aim of the study: The article presents trial of using thermal imagines parameters
in monitoring gonarthrosis and low level laser therapy to alleviate the pain symptoms.
Material and methods: The double- blind research involved 69 patients among whom 53 with confirmed gonarthrosis were treated. Group A n=24 knee joints, contact laser irradiations were applied with a semiconductor laser (400mW,wave length 810nm). Total surface energy density on therapeutic point consisted of fractionated doses of energy (9.5J/cm2 +4.8J/cm2) with 30 min. interval between the 6J dose and 3J dose application. One series of 10 procedures was performed, five times per week. Group B (n=84 knee joints) with placebo therapy was accomplished. Group C (n=32 knee joints) had no pain syndrome and any treatment, only thermal images were conducted. The intensity of the pain in group A and B were evaluated on the Visual Analogue Scale and a modified version of the Laitinen questionnaire. Thermal imaging parameters Knee-Leg Temperature Index ( TI) were conducted in all patients.
Results: There was statistically significant reduction in pain by VAS and Laitinen questionnaire after laser therapy. In group B there was no statistically significant changes in pain disorders and TI index.
Conclusions: Pain reduction (VAS and Laitinen questionnaire) has been evaluated after laser fractionated doses of energy in patients with knee osteoarthrosis. There were not significant statistical changes in pain reduction and thermal imaging parameters in placebo group. This needs further studies according to different methods of laser irradiations, thermal imaging parameters and more groups of patients.
Key words: gonarthrosis, low level laser therapy, thermal imaging parameters
Read article »
Antioxidant defense system during dosed maximal exercise in professional sportsmen.
Małgorzata Mrowicka, Józef Kędziora, Krzysztof Bortnik, Katarzyna Malinowska, Jerzy Mrowicki
Introduction Physical exercises and muscle work stimulate basic vital functions, which requires increase in the oxygen consumption and cell metabolism. Both these processes depend on the intensity and duration of the physical effort. Physical exercise is one of many factors influencing oxygen metabolism of the cells, including erythrocytes, leading to the production of substantial number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (characterized by high chemical activity), which considerably affect survival, growth and development processes of the cells.
The aim of the work was to determine correlation between intensity of the physical exercise and enzymatic efficiency of the antioxidative defense: CuZn-SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in sportsmen, depending on the physical form and in individuals who do not practice sport professionally.
Material and methods: 41 rugby players from Budowlani Sports Club in Lodz and 21 men of normal physical activity (control group) were the subjects of the study. Exercise test was performed on the cycloergometer. Enzymes activities were determined in three time points: before the effort, 1 minute after the dosed maximal exercise and after 30-minute restitution period.
Results: Mean values of CuZn-SOD and CAT after the dosed maximal exercise were higher in the control group than in the professional rugby players ( juniors and seniors) in all the studied time points , except lower activity of GSH-Px during the resting phase.
Conclusions: Increase in the activities of CuZn-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the control group may suggest that the defense system of the antioxidative enzymes protects cells. Lowered activity of the studied enzymes in the first minute of physical exercise in the junior rugby players may be the evidence that long experience in professional sport may affect the oxidative stress.
Key words: antioxidant protection system, dosed maximal physical exercise
Read article »
SPORTS-RELATED MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES – A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 51 CASES
Jolanta Wojciechowicz, Bożenna Pałysewicz, Grażyna Maślanko, Katarzyna Olszewska
Introduction and the aim of the study: Among all the causes of maxillofacial injuries, injuries sustained during sports account for 5.6% to 33.1% of cases. Although sports related injury patterns have been extensively reported, studies dealing exclusively with craniomaxillofacial trauma are still rare. The aim of the study is to assess the incidence, aetiology and spectrum of maxillofacial injuries sustained during sports.
Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 51 case histories of the patients with sports-related maxillofacial injuries treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Medical University of Lublin between January 2007 and December 2009 was done.
Results: Between 2007 and 2009 year 808 maxillofacial fractures were treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery. Of these 6.31% were sports-related. The highest incidence of sports-related maxillofacial injuries was found in the 21-30 years men group. The majority of accidents occurred during cycling, followed by football, skiing and horse riding. The injuries involved mainly mandible followed by middle third of the face.
Conclusions: The results of the study indicate an increase in the total incidence of sports-related maxillofacial injuries in the recent years. These are mainly multiple injuries, which require hospitalisation and surgical intervention. It should be put a stress on the importance of preventive measures like mouth guards and helmets with face protectors to reduce risk of maxillofacial injuries sustained during sports.
Key words: sport, maxillofacial injuries, mouth protectors
Read article »
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CLAIMS FOR INTER-SET REST INTERVALS, ENDOGENOUS HORMONAL RESPONSES, SEQUENCE OF EXERCISE, AND PRE-EXHAUSTION EXERCISE FOR OPTIMAL STRENGTH GAINS IN RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
Several recent resistance training reviews and studies have focused on the control of inter-set rest intervals in order to maintain the absolute amount of resistance throughout the performance of multiple sets, generate the highest training volume (repetitions x sets x resistance), and elicit high endogenous anabolic hormone responses. Some reviews and studies also claim that the specific sequence of exercise and pre-exhaustion exercises in a training session are contributing factors to increasing muscular strength. Although some studies reported a significant decrease in the number of completed repetitions for multiple sets of an exercise when shorter rest intervals or different sequences of performing the exercises were employed, there is very little evidence to suggest that these acute differences in performance significantly affect chronic outcomes such as increased muscular strength. This critical analysis challenges the claims and opinions regarding strength gains.
Key words: order of resistance exercise, muscular strength, scientific integrity
Read article »
TRAVELLER’S DIARRHOEA – PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN THE MOUNTAINS
Consensus Statement of the Medical Commission of theUnion Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA Med Com )
Thomas Küpper, Volker Schoffl, Jim S. Milledge
Traveller’s diarrhoea may impair mountaineers significantly more than other travellers as they are often dehydrated, water is limited and they have to manage themselves in a harsh environment where any decrease of performance may be dangerous, e.g. onset of acute mountain sickness (AMS) or decreased fitness – both may be induced by diarrhoea. Therefore the problem should be managed more aggressively than in normal travellers.
This guideline of the Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme, UIAA) is designed to be used by mountaineers worldwide. It is a compromise between detailed and differentiated ("tactical") treatment and the principle "keep it simple".
Key words: diarrhoea, altitude, mountaineering, dehydration
Read article »
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EBSCO; Index Copernicus
Exercise, heat stress and the interleukin-6 response: support for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms
Medicina Sportiva 2010 vol. 14, Issue 3
Copyright ® 2010 Medicina Sportiva
Toby Mündel, Jaime P. Cox and David A. Jones
Read article »
CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE BACKWARDS OVERHEAD MEDICINE BALL THROW AS A TEST OF EXPLOSIVE POWER IN ADOLESCENTS
Michael J. Duncan and Joanne Hankey
Read article »
TRIAL OF THERMAL IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE JOINT PAIN SYNDROME
Anna Puzder, Kamila Gworys, Beata Rechcińska-Roślak, Jowita Gasztych, Marek Sopiński, Teresa Jakubowska, Karolina Markowska, Jarosław Oborzyński, Ireneusz Pieszyński, Przemysław Gworys, Jolanta Kujawa
Read article »
Antioxidant defense system during dosed maximal exercise in professional sportsmen.
Małgorzata Mrowicka, Józef Kędziora, Krzysztof Bortnik, Katarzyna Malinowska, Jerzy Mrowicki
Read article »
SPORTS-RELATED MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES – A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 51 CASES
Jolanta Wojciechowicz, Bożenna Pałysewicz, Grażyna Maślanko, Katarzyna Olszewska
Read article »
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CLAIMS FOR INTER-SET REST INTERVALS, ENDOGENOUS HORMONAL RESPONSES, SEQUENCE OF EXERCISE, AND PRE-EXHAUSTION EXERCISE FOR OPTIMAL STRENGTH GAINS IN RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
Read article »
TRAVELLER’S DIARRHOEA – PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN THE MOUNTAINS
Consensus Statement of the Medical Commission of theUnion Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA Med Com )
Thomas Küpper, Volker Schoffl, Jim S. Milledge
Read article »
Exercise, heat stress and the interleukin-6 response: support for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms
Toby Mündel, Jaime P. Cox and David A. Jones
Aim of study: The purpose of the present investigation was to determine a) whether or not the addition of heat stress augments exercise-induced circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), and b) if this was accompanied by an associated neuroendocrine response.
Materials and methods: Eight trained, non-heat acclimated males (26 ± 8 years, O2max: 60 ± 7 ml kg-1 min-1) each performed two 60-min cycling trials at 70 ± 2% maximal oxygen uptake at either 20ºC (CON) or 35ºC (HOT). Samples of venous blood were taken (rest, 30min, 60 min, +30 min) for determination of IL-6, prolactin and growth hormone. Indirect calorimetry was used to estimate whole-body substrate oxidation at 20 and 40 min during exercise, and measures of oesophageal (core) temperature and heart rate recorded.
Results: All eight subjects reported exercise as more difficult during HOT than CON, as evidenced by significantly higher ratings of perceived exertion (P < 0.01). The rise in core temperature was greater during HOT than CON (P < 0.05), increasing by ~1.8°C and ~1.2°C, respectively. Plasma concentrations of IL-6 increased approximately twice as much in the HOT condition than CON (P < 0.05). Concentrations of plasma growth hormone were significantly higher during HOT than CON (P < 0.05) as were concentrations of plasma prolactin (P < 0.01), whilst estimated total carbohydrate oxidation was similar between trials (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: The present results confirm the additive effect of heat stress to the IL-6 response during exercise. It is unlikely that this response is related to fuel selection, as whole-body carbohydrate oxidation was similar between conditions. Rather, the greater rise in core temperature during HOT was accompanied by significantly higher levels of growth hormone and prolactin, supporting a role for temperature-mediated neuroendocrine regulation of exercise-induced IL-6.
Key words: Exercise, core temperature, interleukin-6, prolactin, growth hormone
Read article »
CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF THE BACKWARDS OVERHEAD MEDICINE BALL THROW AS A TEST OF EXPLOSIVE POWER IN ADOLESCENTS
Michael J. Duncan and Joanne Hankey
Introduction: Medicine ball throws have been used as a field based test of explosive power. However, few authors have compared medicine ball throw performance to actual power output in young people. The aim of this study was to compare backwards overhead medicine ball (BOMB) throw performance with actual power output in a group of adolescents.
Materials and methods: Following parental informed consent, 47 adolescents (22 boys, 25 girls, mean age ± S.D. = 12.7 ± 1.5 years) performed the BOMB with a 3kg medicine ball, a counter movement jump (CMJ) and a weighted (7kg bar) squat jump (WSJ) in a randomized order. Power output was determined using a force platform (Kistler, Amherst, New York) and a linear position transducer (Fittech Inc, Australia) in the case of the CMJ and WSJ respectively.
Results: BOMB throw distance was significantly related to CMJ peak power (r = .806, P = 0.001) and WSJ peak power (r = .632, P = 0.01). CMJ power (R2 = 0.59, F1, 46 = 66.6, P = 0.01) was a better predictor of BOMB throw distance than WSJ power (R2 = 0.39, F1, 46 = 29.9, P = 0.01).
Conclusions: These results suggest that the BOMB demonstrates concurrent validity with power output of the lower body (glueteals, quadriceps, hamstrings, calves) in adolescents.
Key words: counter movement jump, force platform, squat jump
Read article »
TRIAL OF THERMAL IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY EFFECTIVENESS IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE JOINT PAIN SYNDROME
Anna Puzder, Kamila Gworys, Beata Rechcińska-Roślak, Jowita Gasztych, Marek Sopiński, Teresa Jakubowska, Karolina Markowska, Jarosław Oborzyński, Ireneusz Pieszyński, Przemysław Gworys, Jolanta Kujawa
Aim of the study: The article presents trial of using thermal imagines parameters
in monitoring gonarthrosis and low level laser therapy to alleviate the pain symptoms.
Material and methods: The double- blind research involved 69 patients among whom 53 with confirmed gonarthrosis were treated. Group A n=24 knee joints, contact laser irradiations were applied with a semiconductor laser (400mW,wave length 810nm). Total surface energy density on therapeutic point consisted of fractionated doses of energy (9.5J/cm2 +4.8J/cm2) with 30 min. interval between the 6J dose and 3J dose application. One series of 10 procedures was performed, five times per week. Group B (n=84 knee joints) with placebo therapy was accomplished. Group C (n=32 knee joints) had no pain syndrome and any treatment, only thermal images were conducted. The intensity of the pain in group A and B were evaluated on the Visual Analogue Scale and a modified version of the Laitinen questionnaire. Thermal imaging parameters Knee-Leg Temperature Index ( TI) were conducted in all patients.
Results: There was statistically significant reduction in pain by VAS and Laitinen questionnaire after laser therapy. In group B there was no statistically significant changes in pain disorders and TI index.
Conclusions: Pain reduction (VAS and Laitinen questionnaire) has been evaluated after laser fractionated doses of energy in patients with knee osteoarthrosis. There were not significant statistical changes in pain reduction and thermal imaging parameters in placebo group. This needs further studies according to different methods of laser irradiations, thermal imaging parameters and more groups of patients.
Key words: gonarthrosis, low level laser therapy, thermal imaging parameters
Read article »
Antioxidant defense system during dosed maximal exercise in professional sportsmen.
Małgorzata Mrowicka, Józef Kędziora, Krzysztof Bortnik, Katarzyna Malinowska, Jerzy Mrowicki
Introduction Physical exercises and muscle work stimulate basic vital functions, which requires increase in the oxygen consumption and cell metabolism. Both these processes depend on the intensity and duration of the physical effort. Physical exercise is one of many factors influencing oxygen metabolism of the cells, including erythrocytes, leading to the production of substantial number of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (characterized by high chemical activity), which considerably affect survival, growth and development processes of the cells.
The aim of the work was to determine correlation between intensity of the physical exercise and enzymatic efficiency of the antioxidative defense: CuZn-SOD, CAT and GSH-Px in sportsmen, depending on the physical form and in individuals who do not practice sport professionally.
Material and methods: 41 rugby players from Budowlani Sports Club in Lodz and 21 men of normal physical activity (control group) were the subjects of the study. Exercise test was performed on the cycloergometer. Enzymes activities were determined in three time points: before the effort, 1 minute after the dosed maximal exercise and after 30-minute restitution period.
Results: Mean values of CuZn-SOD and CAT after the dosed maximal exercise were higher in the control group than in the professional rugby players ( juniors and seniors) in all the studied time points , except lower activity of GSH-Px during the resting phase.
Conclusions: Increase in the activities of CuZn-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the control group may suggest that the defense system of the antioxidative enzymes protects cells. Lowered activity of the studied enzymes in the first minute of physical exercise in the junior rugby players may be the evidence that long experience in professional sport may affect the oxidative stress.
Key words: antioxidant protection system, dosed maximal physical exercise
Read article »
SPORTS-RELATED MAXILLOFACIAL INJURIES – A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 51 CASES
Jolanta Wojciechowicz, Bożenna Pałysewicz, Grażyna Maślanko, Katarzyna Olszewska
Introduction and the aim of the study: Among all the causes of maxillofacial injuries, injuries sustained during sports account for 5.6% to 33.1% of cases. Although sports related injury patterns have been extensively reported, studies dealing exclusively with craniomaxillofacial trauma are still rare. The aim of the study is to assess the incidence, aetiology and spectrum of maxillofacial injuries sustained during sports.
Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 51 case histories of the patients with sports-related maxillofacial injuries treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery of the Medical University of Lublin between January 2007 and December 2009 was done.
Results: Between 2007 and 2009 year 808 maxillofacial fractures were treated at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery. Of these 6.31% were sports-related. The highest incidence of sports-related maxillofacial injuries was found in the 21-30 years men group. The majority of accidents occurred during cycling, followed by football, skiing and horse riding. The injuries involved mainly mandible followed by middle third of the face.
Conclusions: The results of the study indicate an increase in the total incidence of sports-related maxillofacial injuries in the recent years. These are mainly multiple injuries, which require hospitalisation and surgical intervention. It should be put a stress on the importance of preventive measures like mouth guards and helmets with face protectors to reduce risk of maxillofacial injuries sustained during sports.
Key words: sport, maxillofacial injuries, mouth protectors
Read article »
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CLAIMS FOR INTER-SET REST INTERVALS, ENDOGENOUS HORMONAL RESPONSES, SEQUENCE OF EXERCISE, AND PRE-EXHAUSTION EXERCISE FOR OPTIMAL STRENGTH GAINS IN RESISTANCE TRAINING
Ralph N. Carpinelli
Several recent resistance training reviews and studies have focused on the control of inter-set rest intervals in order to maintain the absolute amount of resistance throughout the performance of multiple sets, generate the highest training volume (repetitions x sets x resistance), and elicit high endogenous anabolic hormone responses. Some reviews and studies also claim that the specific sequence of exercise and pre-exhaustion exercises in a training session are contributing factors to increasing muscular strength. Although some studies reported a significant decrease in the number of completed repetitions for multiple sets of an exercise when shorter rest intervals or different sequences of performing the exercises were employed, there is very little evidence to suggest that these acute differences in performance significantly affect chronic outcomes such as increased muscular strength. This critical analysis challenges the claims and opinions regarding strength gains.
Key words: order of resistance exercise, muscular strength, scientific integrity
Read article »
TRAVELLER’S DIARRHOEA – PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN THE MOUNTAINS
Consensus Statement of the Medical Commission of theUnion Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (UIAA Med Com )
Thomas Küpper, Volker Schoffl, Jim S. Milledge
Traveller’s diarrhoea may impair mountaineers significantly more than other travellers as they are often dehydrated, water is limited and they have to manage themselves in a harsh environment where any decrease of performance may be dangerous, e.g. onset of acute mountain sickness (AMS) or decreased fitness – both may be induced by diarrhoea. Therefore the problem should be managed more aggressively than in normal travellers.
This guideline of the Medical Commission of the International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation (Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme, UIAA) is designed to be used by mountaineers worldwide. It is a compromise between detailed and differentiated ("tactical") treatment and the principle "keep it simple".
Key words: diarrhoea, altitude, mountaineering, dehydration
Read article »