0502314552
w.gawronski@medicinasportiva.pl
e-ISSN 1734-2260 from 2005
ISSN 1429-0022 from 1997 till 2004
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EBSCO; Index Copernicus
Medicina Sportiva 2010 vol. 14, Issue 4
Copyright ® 2010 Medicina Sportiva
DETRAINING EFFECT OF THE POST-SEASON ON SELECTED AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE VARIABLES IN NATIONAL LEAGUE RUGBY UNION PLAYERS: A FOCUS ON POSITIONAL STATUS
Rohaan Nirmalendran, Lee Ingle
Read article »
WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN SUPERVISED EXERCISE TRAINING FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN POLAND?
Arkadiusz Kazimierczak, Mariusz Stępień, Piotr Gutowski, Marcin Śledź, Miłosław Cnotliwy
Read article »
Cardio-respiratory system efficiency in trained endurance cyclists
Stephen J. Brown
Read article »
Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Artists
Monica G. Schick, Lee E. Brown, Jared W. Coburn, William C. Beam, Evan E. Schick, Nicole C. Dabbs
Read article »
VISUAL FEEDBACK CONTROL OF BODY POSITION UNDER ALTERED STANCE SUPPORT CONDITIONS IN ELDERLY WOMEN
Erika Zemková, Janka Lipková, Dušan Hamar
Read article »
EFFECTS OF WEARING GRADUATED COMPRESSION GARMENT DURING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE
Emily C Webb, Mark ET Willems
Read article »
PULSED-MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY DOES NOT INFLUENCE INDICES OF MUSCLE DAMAGE FOLLOWING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Jeremy Walsh, Lauren Simonds, Peter M. Tiidus
Read article »
THE EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL HABITS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS TRIATHLON’S WITH AND WITHOUT MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
Karolina Łagowska, Jan Jeszka, Joanna Bajerska
Read article »
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCULAR EXPLOSIVE FORCE IN OLDER WOMEN: INFLUENCE OF A DANCE-BASED EXERCISE ROUTINE
Rafael Pereira, Ludmila Schettino, Marco Machado
Read article »
PREDICTOR VARIABLES FOR 100 KM RACE TIME IN FEMALE ULTRA-MARATHONERS
Knechtle Beat, Knechtle Patrizia, Rosemann Thomas, Lepers Romuald
Read article »
ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA – CAUSE OF DEATH OF YOUNG ATHLETE (STUDY OF CASES)
Jan Novotný, Jiří Jančík, Eva Matějů, Karel Schneller
Read article »
MOVEMENT ACTIVITY– PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – THE PHENOMENON OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Józef Drabik
Read article »
DETRAINING EFFECT OF THE POST-SEASON ON SELECTED AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE VARIABLES IN NATIONAL LEAGUE RUGBY UNION PLAYERS: A FOCUS ON POSITIONAL STATUS
Rohaan Nirmalendran, Lee Ingle
Introduction: The study aimed to assess the effects of 6 weeks post-season detraining in relation to player position on selected anaerobic, aerobic and anthropometric characteristics in sub-elite rugby union players.
Methods: 34 English National Division One rugby players (mean age 24.6 ± 3.7 years; stature 184 ± 8 cm) were recruited from one professional club and divided into four groups based on playing positions: Tight five forwards (T5), loose forwards (LF), inside backs (IB), and outside backs (OB). Participants were assessed for body mass, sum of 7 skinfolds, countermovement and squat jump performance, 1 repetition maximum bench press and squat, 40m sprint time, 5m multiple shuttle test, and 20m multi-stage fitness test at baseline and 6 weeks later following the post-seasonal break.
Results: Performance deteriorated in all fitness tests (all P<0.05) for each playing position following detraining. Following detraining, sum of seven skinfolds increased significantly for each player position (P<0.05), and in the T5 group, body mass also increased (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Six weeks of training cessation led to deleterious changes in aerobic and anaerobic performance variables in national league rugby union players irrespective of positional status. The T5 group increased body mass (P<0.05) unlike other playing positions.
Key words: Strength and conditioning, training cessation, close season, maintenance training
Read article »
WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN SUPERVISED EXERCISE TRAINING FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN POLAND ?
Arkadiusz Kazimierczak, Mariusz Stępień, Piotr Gutowski, Marcin Śledź, Miłosław Cnotliwy
Background: The walking interval training is routinely performed in the primary and secondary prevention of intermittent claudication.
Aim: To investigate the idea/notion concerning the benefits of exercise among vascular patients and the assessment of the percentage of the patients willing to enter the supervised training.
Materials and methods: A questionnaire study of 86 patients treated for Chronic lower Limb Ischemia at the Vascular Surgery Department of Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin.
Results: Around 30% of the patients claimed to have a sedentary lifestyle. Only 40% were aware to some extent of the health advantages of the walking exercise (mainly from the family doctors). Over 70% showed an interest in participating in such an exercise program after their operation. However, only 36% wanted to pay for the program (50% only up to 100zł). Furthermore only a mere 17% (15/86) were absolutely certain about the necessity of the training and were willing to bear the full costs. Hardly any condition that lead to patients wanting to exercise were found besides two, firstly younger age (about fife years), and secondly male gender (26% v 49%, NS).
Conclusion: Vascular patients needs more effective advancement service by better personal interaction with family doctors and widely spreading written or visual information from the public media. 35 % of the patients are suitable and happy to undertake supervised exercise in secondary prevention.
Key words: Supervised exercise, intermittent claudication, peripheral artery disease, cardio-respiratory fitness
Read article »
Cardio-respiratory system efficiency in trained endurance cyclists
Stephen J. Brown
Introduction: Performance of the human cardio-respiratory system can be quantified during exercise using ventilatory efficiency and the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES). However, only limited data exist on the association between these measures and oxygen uptake in trained subjects.
Materials and methods: In 12 endurance trained males (age range 26-50 years), ventilatory efficiency (mean + SD: 27.52 + 6.22) and OUES (mean + SD: 5.75 + 0.83) were determined during incremental exercise on a stationary cycle ergometer, terminated at maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, mean + SD: 65.88 + 9.12 ml kg-1 min-1).
Results: There was no correlation between neither V’O2max and ventilatory efficiency (r=0.42, P>0.05), nor VO2max and OUES (r=-0.27, P>0.05). Oxygen uptake at the estimated anaerobic threshold neither correlated with ventilatory efficiency, nor with OUES. Ventilatory efficiency negatively correlated with OUES (r=-0. 57, P<0.05).
Conclusions. Although both ventilatory efficiency and OUES have wide acceptance as measures of cardio-respiratory performance in clinical populations, the utility of these measures for quantifying the systems’ physiological function in endurance trained subjects remains to be determined.
Key words: Ventilatory efficiency, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, VO2max
Read article »
Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Artists
Monica G. Schick, Lee E. Brown, Jared W. Coburn, William C. Beam, Evan E. Schick, Nicole C. Dabbs
Background and aim: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport composed of traditional combat sports. The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological characteristics of amateur MMA fighters with other combat sports.
Material and methods: Eleven male MMA fighters (age 25.5 ± 5.7y, height 174.8 ± 5.3cm, body mass 77.4 ± 11.4kg) were measured for body composition, vertical jump, flexibility, grip strength, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and relative one repetition-maximum bench press and squat.
Results indicated that MMA fighters had similar body fat percentage (11.7 ± 4.0%) to judokas (11.4 ± 8.4%), but greater than wrestlers (7.6 ± 3.4%) and kung fu (9.5 ± 6.3%). Their VO2 max (55.5 ± 7.3ml/kg/min) was comparable to wrestlers (54.6 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min), but greater than judokas (48.3 ± 8.1ml/kg/min) and less than kickboxers (62.7 ± 3.6 ml/kg/min). MMA fighters were less flexible (30.3 ± 10.6cm) than kung fu athletes (45.5 ± 6.1cm) but were as flexible as wrestlers (30.8 ± 5.8cm). MMA fighters (57.6 ± 7.3cm) had less vertical jump than wrestlers (60.0 ± 10.0cm), both of whom were greater than kung fu (45.5 ± 6.1cm). MMA fighters had similar relative bench press (1.2 ± 0.1kg/kg) and relative squat (1.4 ± 0.1kg/kg) compared to judokas (bench press 1.2 ± 0.1kg/kg and squat 1.4 ± 0.1kg/kg). Boxers had greater right grip strength (58.2 ± 6.9kg) than MMA fighters (45.8 ± 6.2kg).
Conclusion: In conclusion, amateur MMA fighters have a physiological profile similar to judokas and wrestlers.
Key words: characteristics, fighters, amateur, combat
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VISUAL FEEDBACK CONTROL OF BODY POSITION UNDER ALTERED STANCE SUPPORT CONDITIONS IN ELDERLY WOMEN
Erika Zemková, Janka Lipková, Dušan Hamar
Aim: The study deals with visual feedback control of body position during task-oriented sensorimotor exercise performed under altered stance support conditions in elderly women.
Material and methods: Subjects were provided by feedback on COM displacement on a computer screen while standing on stable surface, foam, and spring-supported platform, respectively. Their task was to trace, by shifting COM, a curve flowing either in vertical or horizontal direction. The test consisted of three 30-seconds trials randomly performing in antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) direction. The deviation of instant COP position from the curve was recorded at 100 Hz by means of the system FiTRO Sway Check. The same system was used to register mean distance from the middle of COP while standing on either stable or foam surface with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC), respectively.
Results: Results showed that a deprivation of visual control and reduced stance support led to significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher mean distance from the middle of COP as compared to standing on stable surface with EC. Its values were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher during standing on foam with EO than on stable surface with EO. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in mean COP distance from the curve while performing visually-guided COM tracking task on stable and on foam surface. In addition, mean COP distance from horizontally and vertically flowing curve did not differ significantly while standing on stable (23.6 ± 4.4 mm and 20.8 ± 4.0 mm, respectively) and foam surface (23.5 ± 3.8 mm and 21.2 ± 3.7 mm, respectively). However, its values were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in antero-posterior than in medio-lateral direction (33.2 ± 4.7 mm and 22.2 ± 3.9 mm, respectively) during stance on spring-supported platform. A combination of spring-supported platform and foam showed the same tendency but its values were only slightly higher (35.1 ± 4.7 mm and 23.9 ± 4.6 mm, respectively) than during standing on spring-supported platform. These differences were caused mainly by increasing the COP distance from horizontally flowing curve. Its values were even significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher as compared to those registered during stance on stable and foam surface.
Conclusions: It may be concluded that a) visual feedback control of body position compensates for reduced proprioceptive information during standing on foam surface, and that b) dynamic conditions better differentiate sensorimotor parameters in antero-posterior and medio-lateral direction during visually-guided COM tracking task.
Key words: postural sway, sensorimotor parameters, task-oriented sensorimotor exercise, testing conditions, visual feedback control of body position
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EFFECTS OF WEARING GRADUATED COMPRESSION GARMENT DURING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE
Emily C Webb, Mark ET Willems
Introduction: Unaccustomed eccentric exercise (e.g. downhill running) causes muscle injury. We examined the effect of wearing lower body compression garment during downhill running on recovery of jump height and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
Methods: Young adult males (n=18, age: 20±1 yrs, height: 178±5 cm, body mass: 76.2±5.8 kg, BMI: 23.7±1.3 kg·m-2) volunteered. Within subjects, unilateral custom fitted compression garment (9-18 mmHg) (Skins™ Sport Long Tights) was randomly assigned to be worn on the dominant or non-dominant leg. Opposite leg served as control. DOMS (scale 1-10) of vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles and vertical jump height of each leg were measured before, 0, 24, 48 and 72 hr after downhill running (5x8 min, gradient: -10%, speed: 80% of maximal running speed). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with t-tests were used to analyse data with significance set at P<0.05.
Results: DOMS was increased compared to baseline at all time points following the downhill run for VL and VM and at 24, 48 and 72 hr for RF. The compressed leg had reduced DOMS compared to the control leg at 24 and 48 hr in RF and at 24 hr in VM. Jump height was lower than baseline in both legs at 24 hr. The compression garment had no effect on recovery of jump height. Both legs showed complete functional recovery at 48 hr.
Conclusion: Wearing compression garment during downhill running has no effect on functional recovery but reduces delayed onset muscle soreness in quadriceps muscles.
Key words: downhill running, compression, delayed onset muscle soreness, muscle injury, jump height
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PULSED-MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY DOES NOT INFLUENCE INDICES OF MUSCLE DAMAGE FOLLOWING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Jeremy Walsh, Lauren Simonds, Peter M. Tiidus
Introduction: Pulsed magnetic field therapy (PMFT) is promoted as an intervention to enhance post-exercise muscle recovery and healing. However there is little experimental evidence to support claims of its efficacy.
Aim of the study: This study evaluated the ability of one commercially available form of pulsed magnetic field therapy to influence muscle force recovery and soreness sensation following exercise induced muscle damage.
Material and methods: Male and female subjects (n=36) were divided into 3 groups and either exposed to continuous PMFT, or placebo for the duration of the study or served as controls (no intervention following muscle damage). All groups performed eccentric biceps contractions and were assessed for muscle soreness as well as dynamic and isometric biceps muscle peak torque for up to 96 hours post-exercise
Results: All groups experienced significant (P<0.05) reductions in dynamic and isometric muscle torque as well as increased muscle soreness up to 96 hours post-exercise. No differences (P >0.05) in these indices of muscle damage and recovery were observed between any of the groups was observed at any of the measured time points.
Conclusions: There was no significant influence of PMFT nor was there any placebo effect on indices of post-exercise muscle damage and repair following eccentric exercise. Hence PMFT is ineffective in influencing muscle recovery or healing following exercise.
Key words: Muscle damage, muscle repair, muscle soreness, magnetic field therapy, exercise
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THE EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL HABITS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS TRIATHLON’S WITH AND WITHOUT MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
Karolina Łagowska, Jan Jeszka, Joanna Bajerska
Introduction: Meaning of regular physical exercise is generally estimated. However, currently to positive aspects of activities, professional sport can lead to serious healing disorders in women, especially in reproductive function. It has been provided that even 50% of female athletes suffer from hypothalamic menstrual disorders.
The aim of this study was to estimate differences in the nutritional status and daily diets of triathlon female athletes with and without menstrual disorders.
Material and methods: Twenty triathletes participated in the study. A questionnaire specially designed by the authors was used to assign athletes to two groups (regular cycle RC = 8, menstrual disorders MD = 12). The nutritional status was evaluated based on anthropometrical indices and analysis of body composition (percentage of adipose tissue [FM] and lean body mass [FFM]). Nutritional value was estimated by the 24-h dietary recall (record) method on 7 successive days. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was also estimated on the same days.
Results: Body fat mass were significantly lower in MD athletes in compared to the RC athletes. The MD athletes diets were not properly balanced for energy and several nutrients: calcium, iron, vitamin A, niacine, folate, vitamin C), while the RC group diets supplied enough energy, but it was unbalanced with regard to contents of iron, vitamin A, folate and vitamin C.
Conclusion: Unbalanced diets – negative energy balance, as well as low percentages of the adipose tissue in the body might contribute to menstrual disorders in female triathlon athletes.
Key words: menstrual disorders, nutritional status, energy balance, female athletes
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DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCULAR EXPLOSIVE FORCE IN OLDER WOMEN: INFLUENCE OF A DANCE-BASED EXERCISE ROUTINE
Rafael Pereira, Ludmila Schettino, Marco Machado
Introduction: Human muscle strength and the ability to develop explosive force or power are known to decrease with increasing age. Numerous exercise programs are recommended to oppose this age-related force deterioration. Dance-based exercises have been proposed for older people because they are safe and more likely to optimize adherence to a more active lifestyle. Physical and psychological benefits of a dance-based exercise routine have been reported. However, there have been no reports of the effect of dance-based exercise routines on the ability to develop explosive force.
Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compare the ability to develop explosive force between older women between older women who participate in a dance-based exercise program compared to older women who do not.
Methods: Twenty active (i.e., participant in dance-based exercise program for at least six months) and 20 sedentary older women were assessed for explosive force through contractile rate of torque development (RTD) (slope of force-time curve) and contractile impulse (CI) (time-integrated force) for the first second (0-250, 0-500, 0-750 and 0-1000ms) of the contraction of the dominant knee extensor of each subject.
Results: The older women engaged in a dance-based exercise program demonstrated greater values of explosive force (P < 0.05) than the sedentary older women.
Conclusions: It appears that a dance-based exercise program can have a positive effect on the ability to develop explosive muscular force in older women.
Key words: Aging, muscle strength, dancing, exercise
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PREDICTOR VARIABLES FOR 100 KM RACE TIME IN FEMALE ULTRA-MARATHONERS
Knechtle Beat, Knechtle Patrizia, Rosemann Thomas, Lepers Romuald
Background and Aims: We investigated the association of anthropometry, pre race experience and training variables with race performance in 19 recreational female ultra-runners in a 100 km run.
Methods: Variables of anthropometry and training were correlated to race time using bi- and multivariate analysis.
Results: In the bivariate analysis, age (r = - 0.46), body mass (r = 0.55), body stature (r = 0.47), circumference of upper arm (r = 0.54), circumference of calf (r = 0.47), thickness of triceps skin-fold (r = 0.52), duration of run training sessions (r = - 0.55) and personal best marathon time (r = 0.63) were significantly related to race time. When all variables with significant bivariate association were entered into the multivariate analysis, the thickness of triceps skin-fold (P = 0.04) and personal best time in a marathon (P = 0.04) were related to race time.
Conclusions: These results indicate that triceps skin-fold thickness and personal best marathon time were related to race time, but not variables of training. Race time for female 100 km ultra-marathoners might be predicted by the following equation (n=17, r2 = 0.52): Race time (min) = 183.1 + 7.6 x (triceps skin fold, mm) + 2.1 x (personal best marathon time, min)
Key words: Body fat, athlete, endurance, gender
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ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA – CAUSE OF DEATH OF YOUNG ATHLETE (STUDY OF CASES)
Jan Novotný, Jiří Jančík, Eva Matějů, Karel Schneller
In communication is presented a case of the death of an adolescent soccer player due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Five years before the death were found by athlete during preventive medicine examination some changes on ECG (negative T-waves over the right precordium and disorders of rhythm) and he was sent to pediatric cardiologist. The cardiologist has confirmed negative T-waves and has recommended following. But athlete didn´t come for control any more and last four years before death he didn´t come for preventive medical check-up at all.
We suppose, that resting and loading ECG examination during the preventive check-up of athlete by the physician of physical training has its justification. For the physicians of physical training we remind the meaning of careful anamnesis, clinical examination and resting and loading ECG in disclosure of this disease. From the knowledge of ARVD and of our case follows a recommendation to the athletes, their parents and sport pedagogues, that they did not underrate the risk of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy, that they pass preventive medical check-up and that they respect the recommendation of physicians. We recommend to the Universities to deal with this problems during lessons of the sport pedagogues and physicians.
Key words: heart disease, sudden death, sport
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MOVEMENT ACTIVITY– PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – THE PHENOMENON OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Józef Drabik
Key words: movement activity , physical activity, motor activity, biological control
Read article »
Indexed in: SportDiscus; EBSCO; Index Copernicus
DETRAINING EFFECT OF THE POST-SEASON ON SELECTED AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE VARIABLES IN NATIONAL LEAGUE RUGBY UNION PLAYERS: A FOCUS ON POSITIONAL STATUS
Medicina Sportiva 2010 vol. 14, Issue 4
Copyright ® 2010 Medicina Sportiva
Rohaan Nirmalendran, Lee Ingle
Read article »
WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN SUPERVISED EXERCISE TRAINING FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN POLAND?
Arkadiusz Kazimierczak, Mariusz Stępień, Piotr Gutowski, Marcin Śledź, Miłosław Cnotliwy
Read article »
Cardio-respiratory system efficiency in trained endurance cyclists
Stephen J. Brown
Read article »
Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Artists
Monica G. Schick, Lee E. Brown, Jared W. Coburn, William C. Beam, Evan E. Schick, Nicole C. Dabbs
Read article »
VISUAL FEEDBACK CONTROL OF BODY POSITION UNDER ALTERED STANCE SUPPORT CONDITIONS IN ELDERLY WOMEN
Erika Zemková, Janka Lipková, Dušan Hamar
Read article »
EFFECTS OF WEARING GRADUATED COMPRESSION GARMENT DURING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE
Emily C Webb, Mark ET Willems
Read article »
PULSED-MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY DOES NOT INFLUENCE INDICES OF MUSCLE DAMAGE FOLLOWING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Jeremy Walsh, Lauren Simonds, Peter M. Tiidus
Read article »
THE EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL HABITS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS TRIATHLON’S WITH AND WITHOUT MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
Karolina Łagowska, Jan Jeszka, Joanna Bajerska
Read article »
DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCULAR EXPLOSIVE FORCE IN OLDER WOMEN: INFLUENCE OF A DANCE-BASED EXERCISE ROUTINE
Rafael Pereira, Ludmila Schettino, Marco Machado
Read article »
PREDICTOR VARIABLES FOR 100 KM RACE TIME IN FEMALE ULTRA-MARATHONERS
Knechtle Beat, Knechtle Patrizia, Rosemann Thomas, Lepers Romuald
Read article »
ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA – CAUSE OF DEATH OF YOUNG ATHLETE (STUDY OF CASES)
Jan Novotný, Jiří Jančík, Eva Matějů, Karel Schneller
Read article »
MOVEMENT ACTIVITY– PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – THE PHENOMENON OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Józef Drabik
Read article »
DETRAINING EFFECT OF THE POST-SEASON ON SELECTED AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC PERFORMANCE VARIABLES IN NATIONAL LEAGUE RUGBY UNION PLAYERS: A FOCUS ON POSITIONAL STATUS
Rohaan Nirmalendran, Lee Ingle
Introduction: The study aimed to assess the effects of 6 weeks post-season detraining in relation to player position on selected anaerobic, aerobic and anthropometric characteristics in sub-elite rugby union players.
Methods: 34 English National Division One rugby players (mean age 24.6 ± 3.7 years; stature 184 ± 8 cm) were recruited from one professional club and divided into four groups based on playing positions: Tight five forwards (T5), loose forwards (LF), inside backs (IB), and outside backs (OB). Participants were assessed for body mass, sum of 7 skinfolds, countermovement and squat jump performance, 1 repetition maximum bench press and squat, 40m sprint time, 5m multiple shuttle test, and 20m multi-stage fitness test at baseline and 6 weeks later following the post-seasonal break.
Results: Performance deteriorated in all fitness tests (all P<0.05) for each playing position following detraining. Following detraining, sum of seven skinfolds increased significantly for each player position (P<0.05), and in the T5 group, body mass also increased (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Six weeks of training cessation led to deleterious changes in aerobic and anaerobic performance variables in national league rugby union players irrespective of positional status. The T5 group increased body mass (P<0.05) unlike other playing positions.
Key words: Strength and conditioning, training cessation, close season, maintenance training
Read article »
WILLINGNESS TO PARTICIPATE IN SUPERVISED EXERCISE TRAINING FOR SECONDARY PREVENTION OF PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE IN POLAND ?
Arkadiusz Kazimierczak, Mariusz Stępień, Piotr Gutowski, Marcin Śledź, Miłosław Cnotliwy
Background: The walking interval training is routinely performed in the primary and secondary prevention of intermittent claudication.
Aim: To investigate the idea/notion concerning the benefits of exercise among vascular patients and the assessment of the percentage of the patients willing to enter the supervised training.
Materials and methods: A questionnaire study of 86 patients treated for Chronic lower Limb Ischemia at the Vascular Surgery Department of Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin.
Results: Around 30% of the patients claimed to have a sedentary lifestyle. Only 40% were aware to some extent of the health advantages of the walking exercise (mainly from the family doctors). Over 70% showed an interest in participating in such an exercise program after their operation. However, only 36% wanted to pay for the program (50% only up to 100zł). Furthermore only a mere 17% (15/86) were absolutely certain about the necessity of the training and were willing to bear the full costs. Hardly any condition that lead to patients wanting to exercise were found besides two, firstly younger age (about fife years), and secondly male gender (26% v 49%, NS).
Conclusion: Vascular patients needs more effective advancement service by better personal interaction with family doctors and widely spreading written or visual information from the public media. 35 % of the patients are suitable and happy to undertake supervised exercise in secondary prevention.
Key words: Supervised exercise, intermittent claudication, peripheral artery disease, cardio-respiratory fitness
Read article »
Cardio-respiratory system efficiency in trained endurance cyclists
Stephen J. Brown
Introduction: Performance of the human cardio-respiratory system can be quantified during exercise using ventilatory efficiency and the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES). However, only limited data exist on the association between these measures and oxygen uptake in trained subjects.
Materials and methods: In 12 endurance trained males (age range 26-50 years), ventilatory efficiency (mean + SD: 27.52 + 6.22) and OUES (mean + SD: 5.75 + 0.83) were determined during incremental exercise on a stationary cycle ergometer, terminated at maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, mean + SD: 65.88 + 9.12 ml kg-1 min-1).
Results: There was no correlation between neither V’O2max and ventilatory efficiency (r=0.42, P>0.05), nor VO2max and OUES (r=-0.27, P>0.05). Oxygen uptake at the estimated anaerobic threshold neither correlated with ventilatory efficiency, nor with OUES. Ventilatory efficiency negatively correlated with OUES (r=-0. 57, P<0.05).
Conclusions. Although both ventilatory efficiency and OUES have wide acceptance as measures of cardio-respiratory performance in clinical populations, the utility of these measures for quantifying the systems’ physiological function in endurance trained subjects remains to be determined.
Key words: Ventilatory efficiency, oxygen uptake efficiency slope, VO2max
Read article »
Physiological Profile of Mixed Martial Artists
Monica G. Schick, Lee E. Brown, Jared W. Coburn, William C. Beam, Evan E. Schick, Nicole C. Dabbs
Background and aim: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a combat sport composed of traditional combat sports. The purpose of this study was to compare the physiological characteristics of amateur MMA fighters with other combat sports.
Material and methods: Eleven male MMA fighters (age 25.5 ± 5.7y, height 174.8 ± 5.3cm, body mass 77.4 ± 11.4kg) were measured for body composition, vertical jump, flexibility, grip strength, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), and relative one repetition-maximum bench press and squat.
Results indicated that MMA fighters had similar body fat percentage (11.7 ± 4.0%) to judokas (11.4 ± 8.4%), but greater than wrestlers (7.6 ± 3.4%) and kung fu (9.5 ± 6.3%). Their VO2 max (55.5 ± 7.3ml/kg/min) was comparable to wrestlers (54.6 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min), but greater than judokas (48.3 ± 8.1ml/kg/min) and less than kickboxers (62.7 ± 3.6 ml/kg/min). MMA fighters were less flexible (30.3 ± 10.6cm) than kung fu athletes (45.5 ± 6.1cm) but were as flexible as wrestlers (30.8 ± 5.8cm). MMA fighters (57.6 ± 7.3cm) had less vertical jump than wrestlers (60.0 ± 10.0cm), both of whom were greater than kung fu (45.5 ± 6.1cm). MMA fighters had similar relative bench press (1.2 ± 0.1kg/kg) and relative squat (1.4 ± 0.1kg/kg) compared to judokas (bench press 1.2 ± 0.1kg/kg and squat 1.4 ± 0.1kg/kg). Boxers had greater right grip strength (58.2 ± 6.9kg) than MMA fighters (45.8 ± 6.2kg).
Conclusion: In conclusion, amateur MMA fighters have a physiological profile similar to judokas and wrestlers.
Key words: characteristics, fighters, amateur, combat
Read article »
VISUAL FEEDBACK CONTROL OF BODY POSITION UNDER ALTERED STANCE SUPPORT CONDITIONS IN ELDERLY WOMEN
Erika Zemková, Janka Lipková, Dušan Hamar
Aim: The study deals with visual feedback control of body position during task-oriented sensorimotor exercise performed under altered stance support conditions in elderly women.
Material and methods: Subjects were provided by feedback on COM displacement on a computer screen while standing on stable surface, foam, and spring-supported platform, respectively. Their task was to trace, by shifting COM, a curve flowing either in vertical or horizontal direction. The test consisted of three 30-seconds trials randomly performing in antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) direction. The deviation of instant COP position from the curve was recorded at 100 Hz by means of the system FiTRO Sway Check. The same system was used to register mean distance from the middle of COP while standing on either stable or foam surface with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC), respectively.
Results: Results showed that a deprivation of visual control and reduced stance support led to significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher mean distance from the middle of COP as compared to standing on stable surface with EC. Its values were also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher during standing on foam with EO than on stable surface with EO. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in mean COP distance from the curve while performing visually-guided COM tracking task on stable and on foam surface. In addition, mean COP distance from horizontally and vertically flowing curve did not differ significantly while standing on stable (23.6 ± 4.4 mm and 20.8 ± 4.0 mm, respectively) and foam surface (23.5 ± 3.8 mm and 21.2 ± 3.7 mm, respectively). However, its values were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in antero-posterior than in medio-lateral direction (33.2 ± 4.7 mm and 22.2 ± 3.9 mm, respectively) during stance on spring-supported platform. A combination of spring-supported platform and foam showed the same tendency but its values were only slightly higher (35.1 ± 4.7 mm and 23.9 ± 4.6 mm, respectively) than during standing on spring-supported platform. These differences were caused mainly by increasing the COP distance from horizontally flowing curve. Its values were even significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher as compared to those registered during stance on stable and foam surface.
Conclusions: It may be concluded that a) visual feedback control of body position compensates for reduced proprioceptive information during standing on foam surface, and that b) dynamic conditions better differentiate sensorimotor parameters in antero-posterior and medio-lateral direction during visually-guided COM tracking task.
Key words: postural sway, sensorimotor parameters, task-oriented sensorimotor exercise, testing conditions, visual feedback control of body position
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EFFECTS OF WEARING GRADUATED COMPRESSION GARMENT DURING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE
Emily C Webb, Mark ET Willems
Introduction: Unaccustomed eccentric exercise (e.g. downhill running) causes muscle injury. We examined the effect of wearing lower body compression garment during downhill running on recovery of jump height and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
Methods: Young adult males (n=18, age: 20±1 yrs, height: 178±5 cm, body mass: 76.2±5.8 kg, BMI: 23.7±1.3 kg·m-2) volunteered. Within subjects, unilateral custom fitted compression garment (9-18 mmHg) (Skins™ Sport Long Tights) was randomly assigned to be worn on the dominant or non-dominant leg. Opposite leg served as control. DOMS (scale 1-10) of vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles and vertical jump height of each leg were measured before, 0, 24, 48 and 72 hr after downhill running (5x8 min, gradient: -10%, speed: 80% of maximal running speed). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA with t-tests were used to analyse data with significance set at P<0.05.
Results: DOMS was increased compared to baseline at all time points following the downhill run for VL and VM and at 24, 48 and 72 hr for RF. The compressed leg had reduced DOMS compared to the control leg at 24 and 48 hr in RF and at 24 hr in VM. Jump height was lower than baseline in both legs at 24 hr. The compression garment had no effect on recovery of jump height. Both legs showed complete functional recovery at 48 hr.
Conclusion: Wearing compression garment during downhill running has no effect on functional recovery but reduces delayed onset muscle soreness in quadriceps muscles.
Key words: downhill running, compression, delayed onset muscle soreness, muscle injury, jump height
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PULSED-MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY DOES NOT INFLUENCE INDICES OF MUSCLE DAMAGE FOLLOWING ECCENTRIC EXERCISE: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Jeremy Walsh, Lauren Simonds, Peter M. Tiidus
Introduction: Pulsed magnetic field therapy (PMFT) is promoted as an intervention to enhance post-exercise muscle recovery and healing. However there is little experimental evidence to support claims of its efficacy.
Aim of the study: This study evaluated the ability of one commercially available form of pulsed magnetic field therapy to influence muscle force recovery and soreness sensation following exercise induced muscle damage.
Material and methods: Male and female subjects (n=36) were divided into 3 groups and either exposed to continuous PMFT, or placebo for the duration of the study or served as controls (no intervention following muscle damage). All groups performed eccentric biceps contractions and were assessed for muscle soreness as well as dynamic and isometric biceps muscle peak torque for up to 96 hours post-exercise
Results: All groups experienced significant (P<0.05) reductions in dynamic and isometric muscle torque as well as increased muscle soreness up to 96 hours post-exercise. No differences (P >0.05) in these indices of muscle damage and recovery were observed between any of the groups was observed at any of the measured time points.
Conclusions: There was no significant influence of PMFT nor was there any placebo effect on indices of post-exercise muscle damage and repair following eccentric exercise. Hence PMFT is ineffective in influencing muscle recovery or healing following exercise.
Key words: Muscle damage, muscle repair, muscle soreness, magnetic field therapy, exercise
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THE EVALUATION OF NUTRITIONAL HABITS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS TRIATHLON’S WITH AND WITHOUT MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
Karolina Łagowska, Jan Jeszka, Joanna Bajerska
Introduction: Meaning of regular physical exercise is generally estimated. However, currently to positive aspects of activities, professional sport can lead to serious healing disorders in women, especially in reproductive function. It has been provided that even 50% of female athletes suffer from hypothalamic menstrual disorders.
The aim of this study was to estimate differences in the nutritional status and daily diets of triathlon female athletes with and without menstrual disorders.
Material and methods: Twenty triathletes participated in the study. A questionnaire specially designed by the authors was used to assign athletes to two groups (regular cycle RC = 8, menstrual disorders MD = 12). The nutritional status was evaluated based on anthropometrical indices and analysis of body composition (percentage of adipose tissue [FM] and lean body mass [FFM]). Nutritional value was estimated by the 24-h dietary recall (record) method on 7 successive days. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was also estimated on the same days.
Results: Body fat mass were significantly lower in MD athletes in compared to the RC athletes. The MD athletes diets were not properly balanced for energy and several nutrients: calcium, iron, vitamin A, niacine, folate, vitamin C), while the RC group diets supplied enough energy, but it was unbalanced with regard to contents of iron, vitamin A, folate and vitamin C.
Conclusion: Unbalanced diets – negative energy balance, as well as low percentages of the adipose tissue in the body might contribute to menstrual disorders in female triathlon athletes.
Key words: menstrual disorders, nutritional status, energy balance, female athletes
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DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCULAR EXPLOSIVE FORCE IN OLDER WOMEN: INFLUENCE OF A DANCE-BASED EXERCISE ROUTINE
Rafael Pereira, Ludmila Schettino, Marco Machado
Introduction: Human muscle strength and the ability to develop explosive force or power are known to decrease with increasing age. Numerous exercise programs are recommended to oppose this age-related force deterioration. Dance-based exercises have been proposed for older people because they are safe and more likely to optimize adherence to a more active lifestyle. Physical and psychological benefits of a dance-based exercise routine have been reported. However, there have been no reports of the effect of dance-based exercise routines on the ability to develop explosive force.
Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to compare the ability to develop explosive force between older women between older women who participate in a dance-based exercise program compared to older women who do not.
Methods: Twenty active (i.e., participant in dance-based exercise program for at least six months) and 20 sedentary older women were assessed for explosive force through contractile rate of torque development (RTD) (slope of force-time curve) and contractile impulse (CI) (time-integrated force) for the first second (0-250, 0-500, 0-750 and 0-1000ms) of the contraction of the dominant knee extensor of each subject.
Results: The older women engaged in a dance-based exercise program demonstrated greater values of explosive force (P < 0.05) than the sedentary older women.
Conclusions: It appears that a dance-based exercise program can have a positive effect on the ability to develop explosive muscular force in older women.
Key words: Aging, muscle strength, dancing, exercise
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PREDICTOR VARIABLES FOR 100 KM RACE TIME IN FEMALE ULTRA-MARATHONERS
Knechtle Beat, Knechtle Patrizia, Rosemann Thomas, Lepers Romuald
Background and Aims: We investigated the association of anthropometry, pre race experience and training variables with race performance in 19 recreational female ultra-runners in a 100 km run.
Methods: Variables of anthropometry and training were correlated to race time using bi- and multivariate analysis.
Results: In the bivariate analysis, age (r = - 0.46), body mass (r = 0.55), body stature (r = 0.47), circumference of upper arm (r = 0.54), circumference of calf (r = 0.47), thickness of triceps skin-fold (r = 0.52), duration of run training sessions (r = - 0.55) and personal best marathon time (r = 0.63) were significantly related to race time. When all variables with significant bivariate association were entered into the multivariate analysis, the thickness of triceps skin-fold (P = 0.04) and personal best time in a marathon (P = 0.04) were related to race time.
Conclusions: These results indicate that triceps skin-fold thickness and personal best marathon time were related to race time, but not variables of training. Race time for female 100 km ultra-marathoners might be predicted by the following equation (n=17, r2 = 0.52): Race time (min) = 183.1 + 7.6 x (triceps skin fold, mm) + 2.1 x (personal best marathon time, min)
Key words: Body fat, athlete, endurance, gender
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ARRHYTHMOGENIC RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSPLASIA – CAUSE OF DEATH OF YOUNG ATHLETE (STUDY OF CASES)
Jan Novotný, Jiří Jančík, Eva Matějů, Karel Schneller
In communication is presented a case of the death of an adolescent soccer player due to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Five years before the death were found by athlete during preventive medicine examination some changes on ECG (negative T-waves over the right precordium and disorders of rhythm) and he was sent to pediatric cardiologist. The cardiologist has confirmed negative T-waves and has recommended following. But athlete didn´t come for control any more and last four years before death he didn´t come for preventive medical check-up at all.
We suppose, that resting and loading ECG examination during the preventive check-up of athlete by the physician of physical training has its justification. For the physicians of physical training we remind the meaning of careful anamnesis, clinical examination and resting and loading ECG in disclosure of this disease. From the knowledge of ARVD and of our case follows a recommendation to the athletes, their parents and sport pedagogues, that they did not underrate the risk of myocarditis and cardiomyopathy, that they pass preventive medical check-up and that they respect the recommendation of physicians. We recommend to the Universities to deal with this problems during lessons of the sport pedagogues and physicians.
Key words: heart disease, sudden death, sport
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MOVEMENT ACTIVITY– PHYSICAL ACTIVITY – THE PHENOMENON OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Józef Drabik
Key words: movement activity , physical activity, motor activity, biological control
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